# migrations

dir: embeddings_queue
filename: 00001-embeddings.sqlite.sql
hash: d3755dfd232be8e8301f4d7fcfb3a486
sql:
CREATE TABLE embeddings_queue (
    seq_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    operation INTEGER NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    id TEXT NOT NULL,
    vector BLOB,
    encoding TEXT,
    metadata TEXT
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00001-collections.sqlite.sql
hash: 38352d725ad1c16074fac420b22b4633
sql:
CREATE TABLE collections (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    UNIQUE (name)
);

CREATE TABLE collection_metadata (
    collection_id TEXT REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    str_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (collection_id, key)
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00002-segments.sqlite.sql
hash: 2913cb6a503055a95f625448037e8912
sql:
CREATE TABLE segments (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    type TEXT NOT NULL,
    scope TEXT NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT,
    collection TEXT REFERENCES collection(id)
);

CREATE TABLE segment_metadata (
    segment_id TEXT  REFERENCES segments(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    str_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (segment_id, key)
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00004-tenants-databases.sqlite.sql
hash: 048867ce8fcdefe4023c7110e4433591
sql:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tenants (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    UNIQUE (id)
);

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS databases (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, -- unique globally
    name TEXT NOT NULL, -- unique per tenant
    tenant_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES tenants(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    UNIQUE (tenant_id, name) -- Ensure that a tenant has only one database with a given name
);

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS collections_tmp (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, -- unique globally
    name TEXT NOT NULL, -- unique per database
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    dimension INTEGER,
    database_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES databases(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    UNIQUE (name, database_id)
);

-- Create default tenant and database
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO tenants (id) VALUES ('default_tenant'); -- The default tenant id is 'default_tenant' others are UUIDs
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO databases (id, name, tenant_id) VALUES ('00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000', 'default_database', 'default_tenant');

INSERT OR REPLACE INTO collections_tmp (id, name, topic, dimension, database_id)
    SELECT id, name, topic, dimension, '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000' FROM collections;
DROP TABLE collections;
ALTER TABLE collections_tmp RENAME TO collections;


dir: metadb
filename: 00001-embedding-metadata.sqlite.sql
hash: 2b4cf52c4bb2676e21d6860a4409f856
sql:
CREATE TABLE embeddings (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    segment_id TEXT NOT NULL,
    embedding_id TEXT NOT NULL,
    seq_id BLOB NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    UNIQUE (segment_id, embedding_id)
);

CREATE TABLE embedding_metadata (
    id INTEGER REFERENCES embeddings(id),
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    string_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id, key)
);

CREATE TABLE max_seq_id (
    segment_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    seq_id BLOB NOT NULL
);

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE embedding_fulltext USING fts5(id, string_value);


dir: metadb
filename: 00002-embedding-metadata.sqlite.sql
hash: 12a570f7121b3a8ce750a2a7c36da20f
sql:
-- SQLite does not support adding check with alter table, as a result, adding a check
-- involve creating a new table and copying the data over. It is over kill with adding
-- a boolean type column. The application write to the table needs to ensure the data
-- integrity.
ALTER TABLE embedding_metadata ADD COLUMN bool_value INTEGER


dir: metadb
filename: 00003-full-text-tokenize.sqlite.sql
hash: f97ad6334aeaa8f419f01110b648b97a
sql:
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE embedding_fulltext_search USING fts5(string_value, tokenize='trigram');
INSERT INTO embedding_fulltext_search (rowid, string_value) SELECT rowid, string_value FROM embedding_metadata;
DROP TABLE embedding_fulltext;


# embeddings_queue

created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 21334b07-8aea-41e1-a401-07452593c7a2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Artificial Intelligence  \n  i \nAbout the T utorial \nThis tutorial provides introductory knowledge on Artificial Intelligence. It would come to a \ngreat help if you are about to select Artificial Intelligence as a course subject. You can briefly \nknow about the areas of AI in which research is prospering.  \n \n \nAudience \nThis tutorial is prepared for the students at beginner level who aspire to learn Artificial \nIntelligence.  \n \n \nPrerequisites"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0c29198b-2b61-4d0d-9eef-878e846d3472
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Intelligence.  \n \n \nPrerequisites \nThe basic knowledge of Computer Science is mandatory. The knowledge of Mathematics, \nLanguages, Science, Mechanical or Electrical engineering is a plus.  \n \nDisclaimer & Copyright \n\uf0e3 Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.  \nAll the content and graphics published in this e -book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) \nPvt. Ltd. The user of this e -book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a9aa04a8-2595-4c64-b575-34c44fd423e1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "any contents or a part of contents of this e -book in any manner without wri tten consent of \nthe publisher.  \nWe strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as  \npossible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. \nLtd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website \nor its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors o n our website or in this"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4b463486-3e39-4582-99b5-8051c9e6145c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tutorial, please notify us at contact@tutorialspoint.com.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  ii \nT able of Contents  \nAbout the Tutorial ......................................................................................................................................... i \nAudience ....................................................................................................................................................... i"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................................. i \nDisclaimer & Copyright .................................................................................................................................. i \nTable of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... ii"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: cf9911b0-ac04-49a7-821f-aa0721fc46a6
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "1. OVERVIEW OF AI ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 \nWhat is Artificial Intelligence? ...................................................................................................................... 1 \nPhilosophy of AI ........................................................................................................................................... 1"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Goals of AI .................................................................................................................................................... 1 \nWhat Contributes to AI? ............................................................................................................................... 2 \nProgramming Without and With AI .............................................................................................................. 2"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "What is AI Technique? .................................................................................................................................. 3 \nApplications of AI ......................................................................................................................................... 3 \nHistory of AI ................................................................................................................................................. 4"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "2. INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 6 \nWhat is Intelligence? .................................................................................................................................... 6 \nTypes of Intelligence..................................................................................................................................... 6"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: caf77e13-d897-43c0-9877-5741887e6a65
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "What is Intelligence Composed of? .............................................................................................................. 7 \nDifference between Human and Machine Intelligence ................................................................................. 9 \n3. RESEARCH AREAS OF AI ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 10"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6af592f5-0d3c-448f-8e61-db3f4345f18d
encoding: FLOAT32
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created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: db492921-e3d8-4b8c-8ad5-58ce946959a8
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "What are Agent and Environment? ............................................................................................................ 14 \nAgents Terminology ................................................................................................................................... 14 \nRationality .................................................................................................................................................. 15"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 907a9319-ef82-4ad2-b54a-b9f42982dd8a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "What is Ideal Rational Agent? .................................................................................................................... 15 \nThe Structure of Intelligent Agents ............................................................................................................. 15 \nThe Nature of Environments ...................................................................................................................... 18"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 9226e0b5-1b32-4a3d-baee-6f9d420f5f16
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Properties of Environment ......................................................................................................................... 19 \n5. POPULAR SEARCH ALGORITHMS ................................ ................................ ............................  20 \nSingle Agent Pathfinding Problems............................................................................................................. 20"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Search Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 20 \nBrute-Force Search Strategies .................................................................................................................... 20 \nInformed (Heuristic) Search Strategies ....................................................................................................... 23"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c63d7b41-731c-41ab-84f8-eb1a8349e18a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Local Search Algorithms ............................................................................................................................. 24 \n6. FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 27 \nWhat is Fuzzy Logic? ................................................................................................................................... 27"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 8c759ec8-9111-429f-8c98-14b9ad86d7ba
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Why Fuzzy Logic? ........................................................................................................................................ 27 \nFuzzy Logic Systems Architecture ............................................................................................................... 28 \nExample of a Fuzzy Logic System ................................................................................................................ 29"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Application Areas of Fuzzy Logic ................................................................................................................. 32 \nAdvantages of FLSs ..................................................................................................................................... 33 \nDisadvantages of FLSs ................................................................................................................................ 33 \n  Artificial Intelligence  \n  iv"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Artificial Intelligence  \n  iv \n7. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING ................................ ................................ ........................  34 \nComponents of NLP .................................................................................................................................... 34 \nDifficulties in NLU ....................................................................................................................................... 34"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 5eed3340-befb-4d7a-bfc3-10c943ef1fd0
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "NLP Terminology ........................................................................................................................................ 35 \nSteps in NLP................................................................................................................................................ 35 \nImplementation Aspects of Syntactic Analysis............................................................................................ 36"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "User Interface ............................................................................................................................................. 43 \nExpert Systems Limitations......................................................................................................................... 44 \nApplications of Expert System .................................................................................................................... 44"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Expert System Technology .......................................................................................................................... 45 \nDevelopment of Expert Systems: General Steps ......................................................................................... 45 \nBenefits of Expert Systems ......................................................................................................................... 46"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "9. ROBOTICS ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................  47 \nWhat are Robots? ....................................................................................................................................... 47 \nWhat is Robotics? ....................................................................................................................................... 47"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Difference in Robot System and Other AI Program ..................................................................................... 47 \nRobot Locomotion ...................................................................................................................................... 48 \nComponents of a Robot .............................................................................................................................. 50  Artificial Intelligence  \n  v"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "v \nComputer Vision ......................................................................................................................................... 50 \nTasks of Computer Vision ........................................................................................................................... 50 \nApplication Domains of Computer Vision ................................................................................................... 51"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 36fbc598-8d67-473e-a975-b3ca63337d21
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms \nof their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with respect to \ntime.  \nA branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the computers or \nmachines as intelligent as human beings. \nWhat is Artificial Intelligence? \nAccording to  the father of A rtificial Intelligence John McCarthy , it is \u201cThe science and"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs\u201d. \nArtificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a \nsoftware think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.  \nAI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and \nwork while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of \ndeveloping intelligent software and systems."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 99686b8a-0ba0-49e6-b20a-2f0a50f7d022
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "developing intelligent software and systems. \nPhilosophy of AI \nWhile exploiting the power of the computer systems, the  curiosity of human, lead him to \nwonder, \u201cCan a machine think and behave like humans do?\u201d  \nThus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in \nmachines that we find and regard high in humans.    \nGoals of AI \n\uf0b7 To Create Expert Systems: The systems whi ch exhibit intelligent behavior, learn,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: edae15f4-4628-4edf-8a4d-05ed53673c58
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "demonstrate, explain, and advice its users. \n\uf0b7 To Implement Human Intelligence  in Machines : Creating systems that \nunderstand, think, learn, and behave like humans. \n \n \n1. Overview of AI   Artificial Intelligence  \n  2 \nWhat Contributes to AI? \nArtificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer \nScience, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 266dac96-de1d-401a-9504-34ef64e2e4d4
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "is in the development of computer function s associated with human intelligence, such as \nreasoning, learning, and problem solving. \nOut of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system. \n \nProgramming Without and With AI  \nThe programming without and with AI is different in following ways: \nProgramming Without AI Programming With AI \nA computer program without AI can \nanswer the specific questions it is meant \nto solve."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6fe3546b-e7a9-433d-89ad-0ee718e63240
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "to solve. \nA computer program with  AI can answer the \ngeneric questions it is meant to solve. \nModification in the program leads to \nchange in its structure. \nAI programs can absorb new modifications by \nputting highly independent pieces of \ninformation together. Hence you can modify \neven a minute piece of information of program \nwithout affecting its structure. \nModification is not quick  and easy. It may \nlead to affecting the program adversely. Quick and Easy program modification."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 881738bf-33a5-42bb-b2dd-f0c48161e666
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Artificial Intelligence  \n  3 \nWhat is AI T echnique? \nIn the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties: \n\uf0b7 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable. \n\uf0b7 It is not well-organized or well-formatted. \n\uf0b7 It keeps changing constantly. \nAI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that: \n\uf0b7 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it. \n\uf0b7 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: fee008b4-ff5e-4168-ad73-fd3b12b28cf1
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate. \nAI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.  \nApplications of AI \nAI has been dominant in various fields such as: \n\uf0b7 Gaming \nAI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic -tac-toe, etc., where \nmachine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.   \n\uf0b7 Natural Language Processing"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 3e4cafc9-4f83-45f4-8ecd-e820f507df6f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Natural Language Processing \nIt is possible to interact with the computer that understa nds natural language spoken \nby humans.  \n\uf0b7 Expert Systems \nThere are some applications which integrate machine, software , and special \ninformation to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to \nthe users.  \n\uf0b7 Vision Systems \nThese systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer . \nFor example,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f9701ad7-4ec3-497b-9479-30c35a78fd59
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "For example,  \no A s pying aeroplane takes photographs which are used to figure out spatial \ninformation or map of the areas. \no Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient. \no Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the \nstored portrait made by forensic artist. \n \n  Artificial Intelligence  \n  4 \n\uf0b7 Speech Recognition \nSome intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 730dca0f-4749-47be-beea-2d7a81609280
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different \naccents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human\u2019s noise due to cold, \netc.  \n \n\uf0b7 Handwriting Recognition \nThe handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on \nscreen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable \ntext. \n \n\uf0b7 Intelligent Robots"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 1b7446f6-fd0c-428a-941f-a73b1a0d3fe2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "text. \n \n\uf0b7 Intelligent Robots \nRobots are able to perform t he tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect \nphysical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, \nbump, and pressure . They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge \nmemory, to exhibit i ntelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their \nmistakes and they can adapt to the new environment. \nHistory of AI \nHere is the history of AI during 20th century:"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 9da8b4dc-8270-42cc-858a-300fcf5bdd13
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Here is the history of AI during 20th century:  \nYear Milestone / Innovation \n1923 Karel \u010capek\u2019s play named \u201cRossum's Universal Robots\u201d (RUR) opens in London, \nfirst use of the word \"robot\" in English. \n1943 Foundations for neural networks laid. \n1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics. \n1950 \nAlan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published \nComputing Machinery and Intelligence.  Claude Shannon published Detailed"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 05c74545-6526-4619-8bfe-5b1b90c09d9f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Analysis of Chess Playing as a search. \n1956 John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first \nrunning AI program at Carnegie Mellon University. \n1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI. \n1964 Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand \nnatural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly. \n1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries on \na dialogue in English."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 80658de9-04b3-4442-bdfc-63d32d7dcba7
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "a dialogue in English. \n1969 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped \nwith locomotion, perception, and problem solving.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  5 \n1973 The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous \nScottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models. \n1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built. \n1985"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c0face75-2d32-4e94-ab59-ada466688440
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "1985 \n Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron. \n1990 \nMajor advances in all areas of AI:  \n\uf0b7 Significant demonstrations in machine learning  \n\uf0b7 Case-based reasoning  \n\uf0b7 Multi-agent planning  \n\uf0b7 Scheduling  \n\uf0b7 Data mining, Web Crawler \n\uf0b7 natural language understanding and translation \n\uf0b7 Vision, Virtual Reality  \n\uf0b7 Games \n1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry \nKasparov. \n2000"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6348f144-9b78-414c-9448-2879ad01c8bc
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Kasparov. \n2000 \nInteractive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a \nrobot with a face that expresses emotion s. The robot Nomad explores remote \nregions of Antarctica and locates meteorites. \n  Artificial Intelligence  \n  6 \nWhile studying artificially intelligence, you need to know what intelligence  is. This chapter \ncovers Idea of intelligence, types, and components of intelligence.  \nWhat is Intelligence?"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 634bdf8a-aa3f-4f8c-8e6d-973e7db19fd8
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "What is Intelligence? \nThe ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from \nexperience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend \ncomplex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations. \nT ypes of Intelligence \nAs described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the Intelligence \ncomes in multifold: \nIntelligence Description Example \nLinguistic \nintelligence"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b745f2d3-2ce5-42c1-b69f-ad9fed850057
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Linguistic \nintelligence \nThe ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms \nof phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar), \nand semantics (meaning). \nNarrators, Orators \nMusical intelligence \nThe ability to create, communicate  with, and \nunderstand meanings made of sound, understanding \nof pitch, rhythm. \nMusicians, \nSingers, \nComposers \nLogical-\nmathematical \nintelligence \nThe ability of use and understand relationships in the \nabsence of action or objects. Understanding complex"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6e58de70-daee-4407-bfd6-c96bfb320223
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "and abstract ideas. \nMathematicians, \nScientists \nSpatial intelligence \nThe ability to perceive visual or spatial information, \nchange it, and re -create visual images without \nreference to the objects,  construct 3D images, and \nto move and rotate them. \nMap readers , \nAstronauts, \nPhysicists \nBodily-Kinesthetic \nintelligence \nThe ability to use complete or part of the  body to \nsolve problems or fashion products, control over fine \nand coarse motor skills, and manipulate the objects."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f821b0dd-6673-4a20-bf50-8eaa584a63e5
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Players, Dancers \nIntra-personal \nintelligence \nThe ability to distinguish among one\u2019s own feelings, \nintentions, and motivations. Gautam Buddha \n2. IntelligenT Systems  Artificial Intelligence  \n  7 \nInterpersonal \nintelligence \nThe ability to recognize and make distinctions among \nother people\u2019s feelings, beliefs, and intentions. \nMass \nCommunicators, \nInterviewers \n \nYou can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f97d0f62-0f45-4075-98a7-1e41529a4601
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "one and at most all intelligences in it.  \nWhat is Intelligence Composed of? \nThe intelligence is intangible. It is composed of: \n1. Reasoning \n2. Learning \n3. Problem Solving \n4. Perception \n5. Linguistic Intelligence \n \n \nLet us go through all the components briefly: \n1. Reasoning: It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement, \nmaking decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types: \nInductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6e1ce3eb-21b8-4241-b262-992aa18593e4
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning \nIt conducts specific observations to makes \nbroad general statements. \nIt starts with a general statement and \nexamines the possibilities to reach a specific, \nlogical conclusion. \nEven if all of the premises are true in a \nstatement, inductive reasoning allows for the \nconclusion to be false. \nIf something is true of a class of things in \ngeneral, it is also true for all members of that \nclass. \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  8 \nExample:"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c9556be3-3900-4a8b-8ba9-ab494b3eeb2b
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "class. \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  8 \nExample: \n\u201cNita is a teacher.  \nAll teachers are studious.  \nTherefore, Nita is studious.\u201d \nExample:  \n\"All women of age above 60 years  are \ngrandmothers.  \nShalini is 65 years.  \nTherefore, Shalini is a grandmother.\"  \n \n2. Learning: It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being \ntaught, or experiencing something . Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects \nof the study."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 476efe01-3669-4949-9bdf-e62b068f03eb
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "of the study.  \n    The ability of lea rning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI -enabled   \nsystems. Learning is categorized as: \no Auditory Learning: It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students \nlistening to recorded audio lectures. \n \no Episodic Learning: To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has \nwitnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly. \n \no Motor Learning: It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 84764e2a-99e6-4aa9-882c-5e3691e886c4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "picking objects, Writing, etc. \n \no Observational Learning: To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, \nchild tries to learn by mimicking her parent.   \n \no Perceptual Learning: It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before. \nFor example, identifying and classifying objects and situations. \n \no Relational Learning: It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli \non the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For Example,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7ae8d4c5-643e-48dc-9605-31c333c59ee1
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Adding \u2018little less\u2019 salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up salty last time, \nwhen cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.  \n \no Spatial learning : It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors, \nmaps, etc. For Example,  A person can create roadmap in mind before actually \nfollowing the road.  \n \no Stimulus-Response Learning: It is l earning to perform a part icular behavior \nwhen a certain stimulus is present . For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 09d5d252-79bf-4bba-9a92-182d2f7c95eb
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "doorbell.  \n3. Problem solving: It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a \ndesired solution from a present situation by taking some path, wh ich is blocked by \nknown or unknown hurdles. \nProblem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the \nbest suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are \navailable.  \n4. Perception: It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 3ac545a0-21b0-4ca2-b776-f211ce272277
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "sensory information.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  9 \nPerception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In \nthe domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors \ntogether in a meaningful manner.  \n5. Linguistic Intelligence: It is one\u2019s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the \nverbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication. \nDifference between Human and Machine Intelligence"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4b874bb5-5e7a-4e04-a711-00a0b1e76cc9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and data. \n\uf0b7 Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching \nalgorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store and recall \nas its pattern is simple. \n \n\uf0b7 Humans can figur e out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or \ndistorted; whereas the machines cannot correctly.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  10"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: fa73e5b9-62c5-45d6-aa90-15daf9bdf359
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "10 \nThe domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width. W hile proceeding, w e \nconsider the broadly common and prospering research areas in the domain of AI: \n \nSpeech and Voice Recognition \nThese both terms are common in robotics, expert systems and natural language processing. \nThough these terms are used interchangeably, their objectives are different. \nSpeech Recognition Voice Recognition \nThe s peech recognition aims at \nunderstanding and comprehend ing WHAT"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "understanding and comprehend ing WHAT \nwas spoken. \nThe objective of voice recognition is to \nrecognize WHO is speaking. \nIt is used in hand -free computing, map or \nmenu navigation \nIt analyzes person\u2019s t one, voice pitch, and \naccent, etc., to identify a person. \nMachine does not need training as it is not \nspeaker dependent. \nThe recognition system needs training as it \nis person-oriented. \n3. Research Areas of AI  Artificial Intelligence  \n  11 \nSpeaker independent Speech Recognition"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "11 \nSpeaker independent Speech Recognition \nsystems are difficult to develop. \nSpeaker-dependent Speech Recognition \nsystems are comparatively easy to develop. \nWorking of Speech and Voice Recognition Systems  \nThe user input spoken at a microphone goes to sound card of the system. The converter turns \nthe analog signal into equivalent digital signal for the speech processing. The database is used \nto compare the patterns to recognize the words. Finally , a reverse feedback is given to the"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e5ab92ac-ccee-4fe0-8861-d3182b093090
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "database. \nThis source-language text becomes input to the Translation Engine, which converts it to  the \ntarget language text. They are supported with interactive GUI, large database of vocabulary \netc. \nReal Life Applications of Research Areas \nThere is a large array of applications where AI is serving common people in their day -to-day \nlives: \nSr. No. Research Area Real Life Application  \n1 \nExpert Systems \n \nExamples: Flight-tracking systems, Clinical \nsystems \n \n2"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "systems \n \n2 \nNatural Language Processing \n \nExamples: Google Now feature , speech \nrecognition, Automatic voice output \n \n3 \nNeural Networks \n \nExamples: Pattern recogn ition system s such as  \nface recognition, character recognition, handwriting \nrecognition. \n \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  12 \n4 \nRobotics \n \nExamples: Industrial robots for moving, spraying, \npainting, precision checking, drilling, cleaning, \ncoating, carving etc. \n \n5 \nFuzzy Logic"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 113e6c45-cd6d-48df-b714-17278d8f4a25
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "coating, carving etc. \n \n5 \nFuzzy Logic \n \nExamples: Consumer electronics, automobiles , \netc. \n \nT ask Classification of AI \nThe domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, Mundane tasks, and Expert tasks.  \n \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  13 \nTask Domains of Artificial Intelligence \nMundane (Ordinary) Tasks Formal Tasks Expert Tasks \nPerception \n\uf0b7 Computer Vision \n\uf0b7 Speech, Voice \n\uf0b7 Mathematics \n\uf0b7 Geometry \n\uf0b7 Logic \n\uf0b7 Integration and \nDifferentiation \n\uf0b7 Engineering \n\uf0b7 Fault finding"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 337fe405-a2e3-4a87-8dbc-27b8f346dece
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Differentiation \n\uf0b7 Engineering \n\uf0b7 Fault finding \n\uf0b7 Manufacturing \n\uf0b7 Monitoring \nNatural Language Processing \n\uf0b7 Understanding \n\uf0b7 Language Generation \n\uf0b7 Language Translation \nGames \n\uf0b7 Go \n\uf0b7 Chess (Deep Blue) \n\uf0b7 Checkers \nScientific Analysis \n \nCommon Sense Verification Financial Analysis \nReasoning Theorem Proving Medical Diagnosis \nPlanning  Creativity \nRobotics \n\uf0b7 Locomotive \n  \n \nHumans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks  since their birth. They learn by perce ption,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 3cb7c348-7a1e-4785-b09c-ed124f860c1b
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "speaking, using language, and locomotives. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks later, \nin that order.  \nFor humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. The same was considered true before \ntrying to implement mundane tasks in machines. Earlier , all work of AI was concentrated in \nthe mundane task domain.  \nLater, it turned out that the machine requires more knowledge, complex knowledge \nrepresentation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks. This is the reason"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f9a73c85-7a99-489e-8470-c70dbd27a89c
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "why AI work is more pr ospering in the  Expert Task domain now, as the expert task \ndomain needs expert knowledge without common sense, which can be easier to represent and \nhandle.   \n \n \n  Artificial Intelligence  \n  14 \nAn AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The agents ac t in their \nenvironment. The environment may contain other agents. \nWhat are Agent and Environment? \nAn agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "environment through effectors.  \n\uf0b7 A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel \nto the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.  \n\uf0b7 A robotic agent  replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors , and \nvarious motors and actuators for effectors.  \n\uf0b7 A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions. \n \nAgents T erminology"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Agents T erminology \n\uf0b7 Performance Measure of Agent: It is the criteria, which determines how successful \nan agent is. \n\uf0b7 Behavior of Agent: It is the action that agent performs after any given seq uence of \npercepts. \n\uf0b7 Percept: It is agent\u2019s perceptual inputs at a given instance.  \n\uf0b7 Percept Sequence: It is the history of all that an agent has perceived till date.  \n4. Agents and Environments  Artificial Intelligence  \n  15"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "15 \n\uf0b7 Agent Function: It is a map from the precept sequence to an action. \nRationality \nRationality is nothing but status of being reasonable, sensible, and having good sense of \njudgment. \nRationality is concerned with expected actions and results depending upon what the agent has \nperceived. Performing actions with the aim of  obtaining useful information is an important \npart of rationality. \nWhat is Ideal Rational Agent?"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 55cbaea5-d1b3-4218-9c33-c1234560c478
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "What is Ideal Rational Agent? \nAn ideal rational agent is the one, which is capable of doing expected actions to maximize its \nperformance measure, on the basis of: \n\uf0b7 Its percept sequence  \n\uf0b7 Its built-in knowledge base \nRationality of an agent depends on the following:  \n1. The performance measures, which determine the degree of success.  \n2. Agent\u2019s Percept Sequence till now.  \n3. The agent\u2019s prior knowledge about the environment.  \n4. The actions that the agent can carry out."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7b81bd1b-7705-4d2b-9ddc-68b799611517
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "4. The actions that the agent can carry out.  \nA rational agent always performs right action, where the right action means the action that \ncauses the agent to be most successful in the given percept sequence. The problem the agent \nsolves is characterized by Performance Measure, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors \n(PEAS). \nThe Structure of Intelligent Agents \nAgent\u2019s structure can be viewed as: \n\u2022 Agent = Architecture + Agent Program \n\u2022 Architecture = the machinery that an agent executes on."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 5bfb5d2b-34d7-4efd-8d7a-6c8dc3421266
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022 Agent Program = an implementation of an agent function. \nSimple Reflex Agents \n\uf0b7 They choose actions only based on the current percept.  \n\uf0b7 They are rational only if a correct decision is made only on the basis of current precept.  \n\uf0b7 Their environment is completely observable. \nCondition-Action Rule \u2013 It is a rule that maps a state (condition) to an action.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  16 \n \nModel-Based Reflex Agents"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "16 \n \nModel-Based Reflex Agents  \nThey use a model of the world to choose their actions. They maintain an internal state.  \nModel: knowledge about \u201chow the things happen in the world\u201d. \nInternal State: It is a representation of unobserved aspects of current state depending on \npercept history. \nUpdating state requires the information about \n\uf0b7 How the world evolves. \n\uf0b7 How the agent\u2019s actions affect the world. \n \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  17 \n \nGoal-Based Agents"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "17 \n \nGoal-Based Agents \nThey choose their actions in order to achieve goals. Goal-based approach is more flexible than \nreflex agent since the knowledge supporting a decision is explicitly modeled, thereby allowing \nfor modifications. \n\uf0b7 Goal: It is the description of desirable situations. \n \nUtility-Based Agents  \nThey choose actions based on a preference (utility) for each state. \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  18 \nGoals are inadequate when:"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c44a0045-1123-404e-8fab-7fb6fe8efb2e
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "18 \nGoals are inadequate when: \n\uf0b7 There are conflicting goals only some of which can be achieved. \n\uf0b7 Goals have some uncertainty of being achieved and one needs to  weigh likelihood of \nsuccess against the importance of a goal. \n \n \nThe Nature of Environments \nSome programs operate in the entirely artificial environment confined to keyboard input, \ndatabase, computer file systems and character output on a screen."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a69a8bea-6d83-4408-b831-7163b1c5dc57
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "In contrast, some software agents (software robots or softbots) exist in rich, unlimited \nsoftbots domains. The simulator has a very detailed, complex environment. The software \nagent needs to choose from a long array of actions in real time. A softbot designed to scan  \nthe online preferences of the customer and show interesting items to the customer works in \nthe real as well as an artificial environment. \nThe most famous artificial environment is the Turing Test environment , in which one"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 085d66ea-d0d5-4994-aecc-7f51916d3593
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "real and other artificial agents are tested on equal ground. This is a very ch allenging \nenvironment as it is highly difficult for a software agent to perform as well as a human. \nTuring Test  \nThe success of an intelligent behavior of a system can be measured with Turing Test.  \nTwo persons and a machine to be evaluated participate in the test.  Out of the two persons, \none plays the role of the tester. Each of them sits in different rooms. The tester is unaware of"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c4944323-0901-49dc-8409-2182cf0d5bf6
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "who is machine and who is a human. He interrogates the questions by typing and sending \nthem to both intelligences, to which he receives typed responses.  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  19 \nThis test aims at fooling the tester. If the tester fails to determine machine\u2019s response from \nthe human response, then the machine is said to be intelligent.   \nProperties of Environment \nThe environment has multifold properties:"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7384158c-a6a5-4add-91da-ec76fbcf2dc6
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "The environment has multifold properties: \n\uf0b7 Discrete / Continuous:  If there are a limited number of distinct, clearly defined, \nstates of the environment, the environment is discrete (For example, chess); otherwise \nit is continuous (For example, driving).  \n \n\uf0b7 Observable / Partially Observable: If it is possible to determine the complete state \nof the environment at each time point from the percepts it is observable; otherwise it \nis only partially observable."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 710987d2-7dd0-4b25-bf60-1d4f2b8c585e
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "is only partially observable.  \n \n\uf0b7 Static / Dynamic: If the environment does not change while an agent is acting, then \nit is static; otherwise it is dynamic. \n \n\uf0b7 Single agent / Multiple agents : The environment may contain other agents which \nmay be of the same or different kind as that of the agent. \n \n\uf0b7 Accessible vs. inaccessible: If the agent\u2019s sensory apparatus can have access to the \ncomplete state of the environment, then the environment is accessible to that agent."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 2f58a158-9558-4a41-9249-c2ff14b901a9
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Deterministic vs. Non-deterministic: If the next state of the environment is \ncompletely determined by the current state and the actions of the agent, then the \nenvironment is deterministic; otherwise it is non-deterministic. \n \n\uf0b7 Episodic vs. Non-episodic: In an episodic environment, each episode consists of the \nagent perceiving and then acting. The quality of its action depends just on the episode \nitself. Subsequent episodes do not depend on the actions in the previous episodes."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d5438b38-af0b-4aa5-9715-0142fc7eeb84
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Episodic environments are much simpler because the agent does not need to think \nahead.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  20 \nSearching is the universal technique of problem solving in AI. There are some single-player \ngames such as tile games, Sudoku, crossword, etc. The search algorithms help you to search \nfor a particular position in such games.  \nSingle Agent Pathfinding Problems  \nThe games such as 3X3 eight-tile, 4X4 fifteen-tile, and 5X5 twenty four tile puzzles are single-"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "agent-path-finding challenges. They consist of a matrix of tiles with a blank tile. The player is \nrequired to arrange the tiles by sliding a tile either vertically or horizontally into a blank space \nwith the aim of accomplishing some objective.  \nThe other examples of single agent  pathfinding problems are Travelling Salesman Problem, \nRubik\u2019s Cube, and Theorem Proving. \nSearch T erminology \nProblem Space: It is the environment in which the search takes place. ( A set of states and"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d4b57796-87f0-4639-91c2-fc9891f1e6eb
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "set of operators to change those states) \nProblem Instance: It is Initial state + Goal state \nProblem Space Graph : It represents problem state. States are shown by nodes and \noperators are shown by edges. \nDepth of a problem: Length of a shortest path or shortest sequence of operators from Initial \nState to goal state.  \nSpace Complexity: The maximum number of nodes that are stored in memory. \nTime Complexity: The maximum number of nodes that are created."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 59850e15-c7fa-4698-9cea-776826ca7a72
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Admissibility: A property of an algorithm to always find an optimal solution. \nBranching Factor: The average number of child nodes in the problem space graph. \nDepth: Length of the shortest path from initial state to goal state. \nBrute-Force Search Strategies \nThey are most simple, as they do not need any domain -specific knowledge. They work fine \nwith small number of possible states. \nRequirements \u2013  \n\uf0b7 State description \n5. Popular Search Algorithms  Artificial Intelligence  \n  21"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e90cb041-219e-4dc2-9a0c-03cad0be038d
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "21 \n\uf0b7 A set of valid operators \n\uf0b7 Initial state \n\uf0b7 Goal state description \nBreadth-First Search \nIt starts from the root node, explores the neighboring nodes first and moves towards the next \nlevel neighbors.  It generates one  tree at a time until the solution is found. It can be \nimplemented using FIFO queue data structure. This method provides shortest path to the \nsolution.  \nIf branching factor (average number of child nodes for a given node) = b and depth = d,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0438f5d3-6484-464c-b203-892b82f06b34
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "then number of nodes at level d = bd. \nThe total no of nodes created in worst case is b + b2 + b3 + \u2026 + bd. \nDisadvantage: Since each level of nodes is saved for creating next one, it consumes a lot of \nmemory space. Space requirement to store nodes is exponential. \nIts complexity depends on the number of nodes. It can check duplicate nodes. \n \nDepth-First Search \nIt is implemented in recursion with LIFO stack data structure. It creates the same set of nodes"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: dfd6879c-dd8d-43e5-b5c9-a7f582d162fb
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "as Breadth-First method, only in the different order. \nAs the nodes on the single path are stored in each iteration from root to leaf node, the space \nrequirement to store nodes is linear.  With branching factor b and depth as m, the storage \nspace is bm. \nDisadvantage: This algorithm may not terminate and go on infinitely on one  path. The \nsolution to this issue is to choose a cut -off depth. If the ideal cut -off is d, and if chosen cut-"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f6c3022b-f1e6-4000-bf85-ad79747b2483
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "off is lesser than d, then this algo rithm may fail. If chosen cut -off is more  than d, then \nexecution time increases. \nIts complexity depends on the number of paths. It cannot check duplicate nodes. \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  22 \n \nBidirectional Search \nIt searches forward from initial state and backward from goal state till both meet to identify \na common state.  \nThe path from initial state is concatenated with the inverse path from the goal state. Each"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 86775f8a-fcf1-4ad9-a705-26d7d402fdc2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "search is done only up to half of the total path. \nUniform Cost Search \nSorting is done in increasing cost of the path to a node. It always expands the least cost node. \nIt is identical to Breadth First search if each transition has the same cost. \nIt explores paths in the increasing order of cost.  \nDisadvantage: There can be multiple long paths with the cost \u2264 C*. Uniform Cost search \nmust explore them all. \nIterative Deepening Depth-First Search"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b0803e1f-8509-49cd-85a9-96a37e6d5338
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search \nIt performs depth-first search to level 1, st arts over, executes a complete depth -first search \nto level 2, and continues in such way till the solution is found.  \nIt never creates a node until all lower nodes are generated. It only saves a stack of nodes. \nThe algorithm ends when it finds a solution at depth d. The number of nodes created at depth \nd is bd and at depth d-1 is bd-1. \n \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  23"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0bc09445-c89d-451f-a789-a4b725181a30
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Artificial Intelligence  \n  23 \n \nComparison of Various Algorithms Complexities \nLet us see the performance of algorithms based on various criteria:  \nCriterion Breadth \nFirst \nDepth \nFirst Bidirectional Uniform \nCost \nIterative \nDeepening \nTime bd bm b d/2 bd bd \nSpace bd bm b d/2 bd bd \nOptimality Y N Y Y Y \nCompleteness Y N Y Y Y \nInformed (Heuristic) Search Strategies \nTo solve large problems with large number of possible states, problem-specific knowledge"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 724c345f-2c06-4141-bccd-3fc9e6b4328d
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "needs to be added to increase the efficiency of search algorithms. \nHeuristic Evaluation Functions \nThey calculate the cost of optimal path between two states. A heuristic function for sliding -\ntiles games is computed by counting number of moves that each tile makes from its goal state \nand adding these number of moves for all tiles. \nPure Heuristic Search \nIt expands nodes in the order of their heuristic values. It creates two lists, a closed list for the"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d251d8ef-c22a-4c92-ad36-f14535b751f3
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "already expanded nodes and an open list for the created but unexpanded nodes. \nIn each iteration, a node with a minimum heuristic value is expanded, all its child nodes are \ncreated and placed in the closed list. Then, the heuristic function is applied to the child nodes \nand they are placed in the open list according to  their heuristic value. The shorter paths are \nsaved and the longer ones are disposed.  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  24 \nA* Search"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Artificial Intelligence  \n  24 \nA* Search \nIt is best -known form of Best First search. It avoids expanding paths that are already \nexpensive, but expands most promising paths first.  \nf(n) = g(n) + h(n), where  \n\u2022 g(n) the cost (so far) to reach the node  \n\u2022 h(n) estimated cost to get from the node to the goal  \n\u2022 f(n) estimated total cost of path through n to goal. It is implemented using priority queue \nby increasing f(n). \nGreedy Best First Search"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 72960b10-dc04-4f2b-bf6e-2e6dc7f18c15
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "by increasing f(n). \nGreedy Best First Search  \nIt expands the node that is estimated to be closest to goal. It expands nodes based on f(n) = \nh(n). It is implemented using priority queue.  \nDisadvantage: It can get stuck in loops. It is not optimal. \nLocal Search Algorithms   \nThey start from a prospective solution and then  move to a  neighboring solution. They can \nreturn a valid solution even if it is interrupted at any time before they end. \nHill-Climbing Search"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 830cc0c4-e51f-47b3-a059-8764cb748998
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Hill-Climbing Search  \nIt is an iterative algorithm that starts with an arbitrary solution to a problem and attempts to \nfind a better solution by changing a single element of the solution incrementally. If the change \nproduces a better solution, an incremental change is taken as a new solution. This process is \nrepeated until there are no further improvements. \nfunction Hill-Climbing (problem), returns a state that is a local maximum. \ninputs: problem, a problem"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 91a748ca-e34d-4ed2-a858-f85f5ce0b87e
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "inputs: problem, a problem  \nlocal variables: current, a node  \n                      neighbor, a node  \ncurrent \u2190Make_Node(Initial-State[problem])  \nloop  \n    do neighbor \u2190 a highest_valued successor of current  \n         if Value[neighbor] \u2264 Value[current] then  \n         return State[current]  \n         current \u2190 neighbor  \nend \nDisadvantage: This algorithm is neither complete, nor optimal.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  25 \nLocal Beam Search"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6f2b5902-629a-4819-b319-a738eab3efb9
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "25 \nLocal Beam Search  \nIn this algorithm, it holds k number of states at any given time. At the start, these states are \ngenerated randomly. The successors of these k states are computed with the help of objective \nfunction. If any of these successors is the maximum value of the objective function, then the \nalgorithm stops.  \nOtherwise the (initial k states and k number of successors of the states = 2k) states are placed"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e873d3e2-2512-401e-9d6c-cf78a6717ee3
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "in a pool. The pool is then sorted numerically. The highest k states are selected as new initial \nstates. This process continues until a maximum value is reached.  \nfunction BeamSearch( problem, k), returns a solution state.  \nstart with k randomly generated states  \nloop  \n     generate all successors of all k states  \n     if any of the states = solution, then return the state \n     else select the k best successors \nend \nSimulated Annealing"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 9a6e11d7-9334-43e4-83f5-e53d645fac6f
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "end \nSimulated Annealing \nAnnealing is the process of heating and cooling a metal to change its internal structure for \nmodifying its physical properties. When the metal cools, its new structure is seized, and the \nmetal retains its newly obtained properties. In simulated annealing process, the temperature \nis kept variable.  \nWe initially set the temperature high and then allow it to \u2018cool' slowly as the algorithm"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e483dec6-780a-420f-8cf9-f4b51818cbc1
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "proceeds. When the temperature is high , the algorithm is allowed to accept worse solutions \nwith high frequency.  \nStart \n5. Initialize k = 0; L = integer number of variables; \n6. From i -> j, search the performance difference \u2206. \n7. If \u2206 <= 0 then accept else if exp(-\uf044/T(k)) > random(0,1) then accept; \n8. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for L(k) steps. \n9. k = k + 1; \nRepeat steps 1 through 4 till the criteria is met. \nEnd \nTravelling Salesman Problem"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 76843d08-0c6a-4ba0-ad6a-564ba5904966
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "End \nTravelling Salesman Problem \nIn this algorithm, the objective is to find a low-cost tour that starts from a city, visits all cities \nen-route exactly once and ends at the same starting city. \nStart \n   Find out all (n -1)! Possible solutions, where n is the total number of cities.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  26 \n   Determine the minimum cost by finding out the cost of each of these (n -1)!     \n   solutions. \n   Finally, keep the one with the minimum cost. \nend"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: dc330312-27a6-434e-aca7-34cb45ea9117
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "end \n  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  27 \nFuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) produce acceptable but definite output in response to incomplete, \nambiguous, distorted, or inaccurate (fuzzy) input. \nWhat is Fuzzy Logic? \nFuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning . The approach of \nFL imitates the way of decision making in humans  that involves all intermediate possibilities \nbetween digital values YES and NO."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 35c19805-c4d6-42ca-92f8-0b7da5fd4409
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "between digital values YES and NO.  \nThe conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input and produces \na definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to human\u2019s YES or NO.  \nThe inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the human decision \nmaking includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as: \nCERTAINLY YES \nPOSSIBLY YES \nCANNOT SAY \nPOSSIBLY NO \nCERTAINLY NO"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e8bac272-0fef-4d75-9a8f-6ed04fa96595
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "CANNOT SAY \nPOSSIBLY NO \nCERTAINLY NO \n \nThe fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve the definite output.  \nImplementation \n\uf0b7 It can be implemented in systems with various sizes and capabilities ranging from small \nmicro-controllers to large, networked, workstation-based control systems.  \n\uf0b7 It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.  \nWhy Fuzzy Logic? \nFuzzy logic is useful for commercial and practical purposes."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: daf17270-a52c-4a3d-89ac-265e39547032
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 It can control machines and consumer products. \n\uf0b7 It may not give accurate reasoning, but acceptable reasoning. \n\uf0b7 Fuzzy logic helps to deal with the uncertainty in engineering.  \n6. Fuzzy Logic Systems  Artificial Intelligence  \n  28 \nFuzzy Logic Systems Architecture \nIt has four main parts as shown: \n1. Fuzzification Module: transforms the system inputs, which are crisp numbers, into \nfuzzy sets.  \nIt splits the input signal into five steps such as: \nLP x is Large Positive"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6af09271-fbd8-46c8-965a-ff00bd45b2f8
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "LP x is Large Positive  \nMP x is Medium Positive \nS x is Small \nMN x is Medium Negative \nLN x is Large Negative \n2. Knowledge Base: It stores IF-THEN rules provided by experts. \n3. Inference E ngine: It simulates the human reasoning process by making fuzzy \ninference on the inputs and IF-THEN rules. \n4. Defuzzification Module: It transforms the fuzzy set obtained by the inference engine \ninto a crisp value. \n \nThese membership functions work on fuzzy sets of variables. \nMembership Functions"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 341d8262-b5a8-43c9-a46e-f5b81b8ed05e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Membership Functions \nMembership functions allow you  to quantify linguistic term and represent a fuzzy set \ngraphically. A membership function  for a fuzzy set A on the universe of discourse X is \ndefined as \u00b5A:X \u2192 [0,1].  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  29 \nHere, each element of X is mapped to a value between 0 and 1. It is called membership \nvalue or degree of membership. It quantifies the degree of membership of the element in X \nto the fuzzy set A."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 41a005ee-ba59-4b5b-abca-6f1dd92520a5
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "to the fuzzy set A. \n\uf0b7 x axis represents the universe of discourse. \n\uf0b7 y axis represents the degrees of membership in the [0, 1] interval. \nThere can be multiple membership functions applicabl e to fuzzify a nume rical value. Simple \nmembership functions are used as use of complex functions does not add more precision  in \nthe output. \nAll membership functions for LP, MP, S, MN, and LN are shown as below: \n \nThe triangular membership function shapes are most common amon g various other"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 8e71fae6-33ae-41ee-b6da-07c6d7714ad7
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "membership function shapes such as trapezoidal, singleton, and Gaussian. \nHere, the input to 5-level fuzzifier varies from -10 volts to +10 volts. Hence the corresponding \noutput also changes. \nExample of a Fuzzy Logic System \nLet us consider an air conditioning system with 5-lvel fuzzy logic system. This system adjusts \nthe temperature of air conditioner by comparing the room temperature and the target \ntemperature value.  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  30 \n \nAlgorithm"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 86c2f81e-f936-4c0d-8dc4-5920c3ed416c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Artificial Intelligence  \n  30 \n \nAlgorithm  \n1. Define linguistic Variables and terms (start) \n2. Construct membership functions for them. (start)  \n3. Construct knowledge base of rules (start) \n4. Convert crisp data into fuzzy data sets using membership functions (fuzzification) \n5. Evaluate rules in the rule base (inference engine) \n6. Combine results from each rule (inference engine) \n7. Convert output data into non-fuzzy values. (defuzzification) \nDevelopment"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 825c0642-9c5a-40bf-bfb5-486d8fa2deda
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Development \nStep 1: Define linguistic variables and terms \nLinguistic variables are input and output variables in the form of simple words or sentences. \nFor room temperature, cold, warm, hot, etc., are linguistic terms. \nTemperature (t) = {very-cold, cold, warm, very-warm, hot} \nEvery member of this set is a linguistic term and it can cover some portion of overall \ntemperature values. \nStep 2: Construct membership functions for them"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c60bb8ee-9195-4a57-adc4-dbe049a97817
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Step 2: Construct membership functions for them \nThe membership functions of temperature variable are as shown: \n \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  31 \n \nStep3: Construct knowledge base rules \nCreate a matrix of room temperature values versus target temperature values that an air \nconditioning system is expected to provide. \nRoomTemp/Target Very_Cold Cold Warm Hot Very_Hot \nVery_Cold No_Change Heat Heat Heat Heat \nCold Cool No_Change Heat Heat Heat \nWarm Cool Cool No_Change Heat Heat"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0eeea914-c6c4-47fa-b260-509ee69e76a6
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Warm Cool Cool No_Change Heat Heat \nHot Cool Cool Cool No_Change Heat \nVery_Hot Cool Cool Cool Cool No_Change \n \nBuild a set of rules into the knowledge base in the form of IF-THEN-ELSE structures. \nSr. No. Condition Action \n1 IF temperature=(Cold OR Very_Cold) AND target=Warm THEN HEAT \n2 IF temperature=(Hot OR Very_Hot) AND target=Warm THEN COOL \n3 IF (temperature=Warm) AND (target=Warm) THEN NOCHANGE \n \nStep5 \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  32"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 1b856207-e8da-42d7-abfa-6ec030aed341
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Step5 \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  32 \nFuzzy set operations perform evaluation of rules. The operations used for OR and AND are \nMax and Min respectively.  All results of evaluation are combined to form a final result. This \nresult is a fuzzy value. \nStep 6 \nDefuzzification is then performed according to membership function for output variable. \n \nApplication Areas of Fuzzy Logic \nThe key application areas of fuzzy logic are as given: \nAutomotive Systems \n\uf0b7 Automatic Gearboxes"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a7e61592-cef3-4b47-b5f1-45ffa26365ae
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metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Automotive Systems \n\uf0b7 Automatic Gearboxes \n\uf0b7 Four-Wheel Steering \n\uf0b7 Vehicle environment control \nConsumer Electronics \n\uf0b7 Hi-Fi Systems \n\uf0b7 Photocopiers \n\uf0b7 Still and Video Cameras \n\uf0b7 Television \nDomestic Goods \n\uf0b7 Microwave Ovens \n\uf0b7 Refrigerators \n\uf0b7 Toasters \n\uf0b7 Vacuum Cleaners \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  33 \n\uf0b7 Washing Machines \nEnvironment Control \n\uf0b7 Air Conditioners/Dryers/Heaters \n\uf0b7 Humidifiers \nAdvantages of FLSs \n\uf0b7 Mathematical concepts within fuzzy reasoning are very simple."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: eac7a376-8096-498e-8f31-addaf6d3b7e4
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 You can modify a FIS by just adding or deleting rules due to flexibility of fuzzy logic. \n\uf0b7 Fuzzy logic Systems can take imprecise, distorted, noisy input information. \n\uf0b7 FLSs are easy to construct and understand. \n\uf0b7 Fuzzy logic is a solution to complex problems in all fields of life, including medicine, as \nit resembles human reasoning and decision making.  \nDisadvantages of FLSs \n\uf0b7 There is no systematic approach to fuzzy system designing. \n\uf0b7 They are understandable only when simple."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0ee30528-f1c3-4603-883e-458bacc871e9
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 They are understandable only when simple. \n\uf0b7 They are suitable for the problems which do not need high accuracy.  \n   Artificial Intelligence  \n  34 \nNatural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an intelligent \nsystems using a natural language such as English. \nProcessing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like robot to \nperform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a dialogue based"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 48ab9730-96f9-4b2c-80dc-b687b1273389
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "clinical expert system, etc. \nThe field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with the natural languages \nhumans use. The input and output of an NLP system can be: \n\uf0b7 Speech \n\uf0b7 Written Text \nComponents of NLP \nThere are two components of NLP as given: \nNatural Language Understanding (NLU) \nUnderstanding involves the following tasks: \n\uf0b7 Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations. \n\uf0b7 Analyzing different aspects of the language."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: dbd14d9c-bbf3-4caf-a4d1-9227f472ea0b
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Analyzing different aspects of the language. \nNatural Language Generation (NLG) \nIt is the process of producing meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural \nlanguage from some internal representation.  \nIt involves: \n\uf0b7 Text planning: It includes retrieving the relevant content from knowledge base.  \n\uf0b7 Sentence planning:  It includes choosing required words, forming meaningful \nphrases, setting tone of the sentence."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d2d505b1-3d54-422a-84d8-42dc9283b9ee
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "phrases, setting tone of the sentence. \n\uf0b7 Text Realization: It is mapping sentence plan into sentence structure. \nThe NLU is harder than NLG. \nDifficulties in NLU \n\uf0b7 NL has an extremely rich form and structure. \n\uf0b7 It is very ambiguous. There can be different levels of ambiguity: \no Lexical ambiguity: It is at very primitive level such as word-level.  \n7. Natural Language Processing  Artificial Intelligence  \n  35 \no For example, treating the word \u201cboard\u201d as noun or verb?"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: cb725796-279b-4494-bf43-3a6b3230b34c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "o Syntax Level ambiguity: A sentence can be parsed in different ways.  \no For example, \u201cHe lifted the beetle with red cap.\u201d \u2013 Did he use cap to lift the \nbeetle or he lifted a beetle that had red cap? \no Referential ambiguity: Referring to something using pronouns. For example, \nRima went to Gauri. She said, \u201cI am tired.\u201d - Exactly who is tired? \no One input can mean different meanings. \no Many inputs can mean the same thing. \nNLP T erminology"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: bac48a09-ea17-44b3-98b1-e78f46ea2e92
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "NLP T erminology \n\uf0b7 Phonology: It is study of organizing sound systematically. \n\uf0b7 Morphology: It is a study of construction of words from primitive meaningful units. \n\uf0b7 Morpheme: It is primitive unit of meaning in a language. \n\uf0b7 Syntax: It refers to arranging words to make a sentence. It also involves determining \nthe structural role of words in the sentence and in phrases. \n\uf0b7 Semantics: It is concerned with the meaning of words and how to combine words into \nmeaningful phrases and sentences."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d831f14b-8018-42ec-8597-5ba58c51e1f0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "meaningful phrases and sentences. \n\uf0b7 Pragmatics: It deals with using and understanding sentences in different situations \nand how the interpretation of the sentence is affected. \n\uf0b7 Discourse: It deals with how the immediately preceding sentence can affect the \ninterpretation of the next sentence. \n\uf0b7 World Knowledge: It includes the general knowledge about the world. \nSteps in NLP \nThere are general five steps:  \n1. Lexical Analysis"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ac0cf929-7333-4318-9e51-a8dc97d177a0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "1. Lexical Analysis \nIt involves identifying and analyzing the structure of words. Lexicon of a language \nmeans the collection of words and phrases in a language. Lexical analysis is dividing \nthe whole chunk of txt into paragraphs, sentences, and words. \n2. Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) \nIt involves analysis of words in the sentence for grammar and arranging words in a \nmanner that shows the relationship among the words. The sentence such as \u201cThe"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e39ae972-cf93-4b94-94ba-8f3949c6a0f3
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "school goes to boy\u201d is rejected by English syntactic analyzer.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  36 \n \n3. Semantic Analysis \nIt draws the exact meaning or the dictionary meaning from the text. The text is \nchecked for meaningfulness. It is done by mapping syntactic structures and objects in \nthe task domain. The semantic analyzer disregards sentence such as \u201chot ice-cream\u201d. \n4. Discourse Integration \nThe meaning of any sentence depends upon the meaning of the sentence just before"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e9e35920-bbf7-421a-8b3a-55a48d82e66e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "it. In addition, it also brings about the meaning of immediately succeeding sentence. \n5. Pragmatic Analysis \nDuring this, w hat was said is re -interpreted on what it actually meant. It involves \nderiving those aspects of language which require real world knowledge. \nImplementation Aspects of Syntactic Analysis \nThere are a number of algorithms researchers have developed for syntactic analysis, but we \nconsider only the following simple methods: \n\uf0b7 Context-Free Grammar \n\uf0b7 Top-Down Parser"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 60613085-1eee-41d1-b049-87d07ed8271c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Context-Free Grammar \n\uf0b7 Top-Down Parser \nLet us see them in detail: \nContext-Free Grammar  \nIt is the grammar that consists rules with a single symbol on the left-hand side of the rewrite \nrules. Let us create grammar to parse a sentence \u2013  \n\u201cThe bird pecks the grains\u201d \nArticles (DET): a | an | the. \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  37 \nNouns: bird | birds | grain | grains \nNoun Phrase (NP): Article + Noun | Article + Adjective + Noun  \n                              = DET N | DET ADJ N"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 583eb54a-6e14-40f5-83bf-519e00479dc9
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Verbs: pecks | pecking | pecked  \nVerb Phrase (VP): NP V | V NP \nAdjectives (ADJ): beautiful | small | chirping \nThe parse tree breaks down the sentence into structured parts so that the computer can easily \nunderstand and process it. In order for the pars ing algorithm to construct this parse tree, a \nset of rewrite rules, which describe what tree structures are legal, need to be constructed. \nThese rules say that a certain symbol may be expanded in the tree by a sequence of other"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4c8cdb0e-aac0-4570-8850-ca3c7dcde9bc
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "symbols. According to first order logic rule, ff there are two strings Noun Phrase (NP) and \nVerb Phrase (VP), then the string combined by NP followed by VP is a sentence. The rewrite \nrules for the sentence are as follows: \n \nS -> NP VP \nNP -> DET N | DET ADJ N \nVP -> V NP \nLexocon: \nDET -> a | the \nADJ -> beautiful | perching \nN -> bird | birds | grain | grains \nV -> peck | pecks | pecking  \n \nThe parse tree can be created as shown:   Artificial Intelligence  \n  38"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b00c88b2-5e86-4469-980e-4116a0846e93
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "38 \n \nNow consider the above rewrite rules. Since  V can be replaced by both, \"peck\" or \"pecks\", \nsentences such as \"The bird peck the grains\" can be wrongly permitted. i. e. the subject-verb \nagreement error is approved as correct.  \nMerit: The simplest style of grammar, therefore widely used one. \nDemerits: \n\uf0b7 They are not highly precise. For example, \u201cThe grains peck the bird\u201d, is a syntactically \ncorrect according to parser, but even if it makes no sense, parser takes it as a correct"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 11c3a173-2a06-4dac-90a1-d197c16d1dc4
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "sentence. \n\uf0b7 To bring out  high precision, multiple sets of grammar need to be prepared.  It may \nrequire a completely different sets of rules for parsing singular and plural variations, \npassive sentences, etc., which can lead to  creation of huge set of rules that are  \nunmanageable.  \nTop-Down Parser \nHere, the parser starts with the  S symbol and attempts to rewrite it into a sequence \nof terminal symbols that matches the classes of the words in the input sentence until it"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c62dc003-acc0-45f4-80aa-3a874c9940d6
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "consists entirely of terminal symbols.  \nThese are then checked with the input sentence to see if it matched. If not, the process is \nstarted over again with a different set of rules. This is  repeated until a specific rule is found \nwhich describes the structure of the sentence.  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  39 \nMerit: It is simple to implement. \nDemerits: \n\uf0b7 It is inefficient, as the search process has to be repeated if an error occurs.  \n\uf0b7 Slow speed of working.   Artificial Intelligence"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: dffaffe7-fd2a-464b-a473-b0b6bd22e02f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "40 \nExpert systems (ES) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. It is introduced by the \nresearchers at Stanford University, Computer Science Department. \nWhat are Expert Systems? \nThe expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve complex problems in a \nparticular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise.  \nCharacteristics of Expert Systems \n\uf0b7 High performance \n\uf0b7 Understandable \n\uf0b7 Reliable \n\uf0b7 Highly responsive"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6900abc8-a047-4c3a-9bc6-54054571073f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Reliable \n\uf0b7 Highly responsive \nCapabilities of Expert Systems \nThe expert systems are capable of: \n\uf0b7 Advising  \n\uf0b7 Instructing and assisting human in decision making \n\uf0b7 Demonstrating  \n\uf0b7 Deriving a solution \n\uf0b7 Diagnosing \n\uf0b7 Explaining  \n\uf0b7 Interpreting input \n\uf0b7 Predicting results \n\uf0b7 Justifying the conclusion \n\uf0b7 Suggesting alternative options to a problem \nThey are incapable of: \n\uf0b7 Substituting human decision makers \n\uf0b7 Possessing human capabilities"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 9453003f-8fc8-4e84-8dce-a432b3784e9f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Possessing human capabilities \n\uf0b7 Producing accurate output for inadequate knowledge base \n\uf0b7 Refining their own knowledge \n8. Expert Systems  Artificial Intelligence  \n  41 \nComponents of Expert Systems \nThe components of ES include: \n\uf0b7 Knowledge Base  \n\uf0b7 Inference Engine  \n\uf0b7 User Interface  \nLet us see them one by one briefly: \n \nKnowledge Base  \nIt contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge.  \nKnowledge is required to exhibit intelligence. The success of any ES majorly depends upon"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 2e5d95ca-62c8-4d09-9622-0e19ca80ecdf
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "the collection of highly accurate and precise knowledge. \nWhat is Knowledge? \nThe data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data and facts about the task \ndomain. Data, information, and past experience  combined together are termed as \nknowledge.  \n \n \n \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  42 \nComponents of Knowledge Base \nThe knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and heuristic knowledge.  \n\uf0b7 Factual Knowledge  \u2013 It is the information widely accepted by the Knowledge"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 523af3e1-cafe-4b57-8be4-5c135b534e72
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Engineers and scholars in the task domain. \n\uf0b7 Heuristic Knowledge \u2013 It is about practice, accurate judgment, one\u2019s ability of \nevaluation, and guessing. \nKnowledge representation \nIt is the method used to organize and formalize the knowledge in the knowledge base. It is in \nthe form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules.   \nKnowledge Acquisition \nThe success of any expert system majorly depends on the quality, completeness, and accuracy \nof the information stored in the knowledge base."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6e04221c-e563-4aa5-ae76-d9763567d7e9
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "The knowledge base is formed by readings from various experts, scholars, and the \nKnowledge Engineers. The knowledge engineer is a person with the qualities of empathy , \nquick learning, and case analyzing skills.  \nHe acquires information from subject expert by recording, interviewing, and observing him at \nwork, etc. He then categorizes and organizes the information in a meaningful way, in the form \nof IF-THEN-ELSE rules, to be used by interference machine. The knowledge engineer also"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c9e45231-d270-487a-8b88-652b4f25e696
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "monitors the development of the ES. \nInference Engine \nUse of efficient procedures and rules by the Inf erence Engine is essential in deducting a \ncorrect, flawless solution.  \nIn case of knowledge-based ES, the Inference Engine acquires and manipulates the knowledge \nfrom the knowledge base to arrive at a particular solution.  \nIn case of rule based ES, it: \n\uf0b7 Applies rules repeatedly to the facts, which are obtained from earlier rule application."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 62de29d9-26a1-4b87-9ef8-7b4d3d51143a
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Adds new knowledge into the knowledge base if required. \n\uf0b7 Resolves rules conflict when multiple rules are applicable to a particular case  \nTo recommend a solution, the inference engine uses the following strategies: \n\uf0b7 Forward Chaining \n\uf0b7 Backward Chaining \nForward Chaining \nIt is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, \u201cWhat can happen next?\u201d  Artificial Intelligence  \n  43 \nHere, the inferance engine follows the chain of conditions and derivations and finally deduces"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f07f0e12-376d-48c5-8b3d-b173232fa08f
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "the outcome. It considers all the facts and rules, and sorts them before  concluding to a \nsolution.  \nThis strategy is followed for working on conclusion, result, or effect.  For example, prediction \nof share market status as an effect of changes in interest rates.  \n \nBackward Chaining \nWith this strategy, an expert system finds ou t the answer to the question , \u201cWhy this \nhappened?\u201d \nOn the basis of what has already happen ed, the in ference engine tries to find out which"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: cbcb7356-e95a-4ab0-a976-8b1d45e97831
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "conditions could have happened in the past for this result. This strategy is followed for finding \nout cause or reason. For example, diagnosis of blood cancer in humans.  \n \nUser Interface \nUser interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES itself. It is generally \nNatural Language Processing so as to be used by the user who is well -versed in the task \ndomain. The user of the ES need not be necessarily an expert in Artificial Intelligence."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 69285c7e-5c67-4c36-a78e-486cc59629f1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular recommendation. The explanation may in \nthe following forms: \n\uf0b7 Natural language displayed on screen \n\uf0b7 Verbal narrations in natural language  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  44 \n\uf0b7 Listing of rule numbers displayed on the screen.  \nThe user interface makes it easy to trace the credibility of the deductions. \nRequirements of Efficient ES User Interface  \n\uf0b7 It should help users to accomplish their goals in shortest possible ay."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 It should be designed to work for user\u2019s existing or desired work practices. \n\uf0b7 Its technology should be adaptable to user\u2019s requirements; not the other way round.  \n\uf0b7 It should make efficient use of user input. \nExpert Systems Limitations \nNo technology can offer easy and complete solution. Large systems are costly , require \nsignificant development time , and computer resources. ESs have their limitations which \ninclude: \n\uf0b7 Limitations of the technology \n\uf0b7 Difficult knowledge acquisition"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Difficult knowledge acquisition  \n\uf0b7 ES are Difficult to maintain \n\uf0b7 High Development costs \nApplications of Expert System  \nThe following table shows where ES can be applied.  \nApplication Description \nDesign Domain Camera lens design, automobile design. \nMedical Domain Diagnosis Systems to deduce cause of  disease from observ ed \ndata, conduction medical operations on humans. \nMonitoring Systems  \nComparing data continu ously with observed system or with"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "prescribed behavior such as leakage monitoring in long \npetroleum pipeline. \nProcess Control Systems Controlling a physical process based on monitoring. \nKnowledge Domain Finding out faults in vehicles, computers. \nFinance/Commerce Detection of possible fraud, suspicious transactions, stock \nmarket trading, Airline scheduling, cargo scheduling.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  45 \nExpert System T echnology"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "45 \nExpert System T echnology  \nThere are several levels of ES technologies available. Expert systems technologies include: \n1. Expert System Development Environment : The ES development environment \nincludes hardware and tools. They are: \no Workstations, minicomputers, mainframes  \no High level Symbolic Programming Languages such as LISt Programming (LISP) \nand PROgrammation en LOGique (PROLOG). \no Large databases"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 95af190f-cb78-49ab-bc73-78a1115466da
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "o Large databases \n2. Tools: They reduce the effort and cost involved in developing an expert system to \nlarge extent. \no Powerful editors and debugging tools with multi-windows. \no They provide rapid prototyping \no Have Inbuilt definitions of model, knowledge representation , and inference \ndesign. \n1. Shells: A shell is nothing but an  expert system without knowledge base. A shell \nprovides the developers with knowledge acquisition, inference engine, user interface,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "and explanation facility. For example, few shells are given below:  \no Java Expert System Shell (JESS) that provides fully developed Java API for \ncreating an expert system. \no Vidwan, a shell developed at the National Centre for Softw are Te chnology, \nMumbai in 1993. It enables knowledge encoding in the form of IF-THEN rules.  \nDevelopment of Expert Systems: General Steps  \nThe process of ES development is iterative. Steps in developing the ES include: \n1. Identify Problem Domain"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "1. Identify Problem Domain \n\uf0b7 The problem must be suitable for an expert system to solve it. \n\uf0b7 Find the experts in task domain for the ES project. \n\uf0b7 Establish cost-effectiveness of the system. \n2. Design the System \n\uf0b7 Identify the ES Technology. \n\uf0b7 Know and establish the degree of integration with the other systems and databases. \n\uf0b7 Realize how the concepts can represent the domain knowledge best.   Artificial Intelligence  \n  46 \n3. Develop the Prototype"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 8dfb6acc-4ad2-486d-9b22-74253824c82c
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "46 \n3. Develop the Prototype \n    Form Knowledge Base: The knowledge engineer works to: \n\uf0b7     Acquire domain knowledge from the expert. \n\uf0b7     Represent it in the form of If-THEN-ELSE rules. \n4. Test and Refine the Prototype \n\uf0b7 The knowledge engineer uses sample cases to test the prototype for any deficiencies \nin performance.  \n\uf0b7 End users test the prototypes of the ES. \n5. Develop and Complete the ES"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 3a3808d1-d390-4e16-a7e6-6514ad7469fc
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "5. Develop and Complete the ES \n \n\uf0b7 Test and ensure the interaction of the  ES with all elements of its environment,  including end users, \ndatabases, and other information systems. \n\uf0b7 Document the ES project well. \n\uf0b7 Train the user to use ES. \n6. Maintain the System \n\uf0b7 Keep the knowledge base up-to-date by regular review and update. \n\uf0b7 Cater for new interfaces with other information systems, as those systems evolve. \nBenefits of Expert Systems"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Benefits of Expert Systems \n\uf0b7 Availability: They are easily available due to mass production of software. \n\uf0b7 Less Production Cost: Production cost is reasonable. This makes them affordable. \n\uf0b7 Speed: They offer great speed. They reduce the amount of work an individual puts in. \n\uf0b7 Less Error Rate: Error rate is low as compared to human errors. \n\uf0b7 Reducing Risk: They can work in the environment dangerous to humans."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Steady response: They work steadily without getting motional, tensed or fatigued. \n \n \n \n \n   Artificial Intelligence  \n  47 \nRobotics is a domain in artificial intelligence that deals with the study of creating intelligent \nand efficient robots. \nWhat are Robots? \nRobots are the artificial agents acting in real world environment.  \nObjective \nRobots are aimed at manipulating the objects by perceiving, picking, moving, modifying the"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "physical properties of object, destroying it, or to have an effect thereby freeing manpower \nfrom doing repetitive functions without getting bored, distracted, or exhausted.  \nWhat is Robotics? \nRobotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical \nEngineering, and Computer Science for designing, construction, and application of robots.  \nAspects of Robotics \n\uf0b7 The robots have mechanical construction, form, or shape designed to accomplish a \nparticular task."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "particular task. \n\uf0b7 They have electrical components which power and control the machinery. \n\uf0b7 They contain some level of computer program that determines what, when and how \na robot does something. \nDifference in Robot System and Other AI Program \nHere is the difference between the two: \nAI Programs Robots \nThey usually operate in computer-stimulated \nworlds. They operate in real physical world \nThe input to an AI program is in symbols and \nrules."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "rules. \nInputs to robots is analog signal in the form of \nspeech waveform or images \nThey need general purpose computers to \noperate on. \nThey need special hardware with sensors and \neffectors. \n9. Robotics  Artificial Intelligence  \n  48 \nRobot Locomotion \nLocomotion is the mechanism that makes a robot capable of moving in its environment. There \nare various types of locomotions: \n\uf0b7 Legged \n\uf0b7 Wheeled \n\uf0b7 Combination of Legged and Wheeled Locomotion \n\uf0b7 Tracked slip/skid  \nLegged Locomotion"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Tracked slip/skid  \nLegged Locomotion \n\uf0b7 This type of locomotion consumes more power while demonstrating walk, jump, trot, \nhop, climb up or down, etc.  \n\uf0b7 It requires more number of motors to accomplish a movement. It is suited for rough \nas well as smooth terrain where irregular or too smooth surface makes it consume \nmore power for a wheeled locomotion. It is little difficult to implement be cause of \nstability issues."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 85acaed1-e5a2-460e-9726-e8fc91943362
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "stability issues. \n\uf0b7 It comes with the variety of one, two, four, and six legs.  If a robot has multiple legs \nthen leg coordination is necessary for locomotion.  \nThe total number of possible gaits (a periodic sequence of lift and release events for ea ch of \nthe total legs) a robot can travel depends upon the number of its legs.  \nIf a robot has k legs, then the number of possible events N = (2k-1)!. \nIn case of a two-legged robot (k=2), the number of possible events is N = (2k-1)!"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 19835175-1226-405c-af13-cf1b868d42d3
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "= (2*2-1)! = 3! = 6.  \nHence there are six possible different events: \n1. Lifting the Left leg  \n2. Releasing the Left leg  \n3. Lifting the Right leg  \n4. Releasing the Right leg  \n5. Lifting both the legs together  \n6. Releasing both the legs together. \nIn case of k=6 legs , there are 39916800 possible events. Hence the complexity of robots is \ndirectly proportional to the number of legs.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  49 \n \nWheeled Locomotion"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: cefa2e4c-c0a9-477d-8ac3-1ecb46defb4c
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "49 \n \nWheeled Locomotion \nIt requires fewer number of motors to accomplish a movement.  It is little easy to implement \nas there are less stability issues in c ase of more number of wheels. It is power efficient as \ncompared to legged locomotion. \n\uf0b7 Standard wheel: Rotates around the wheel axle and around the contact \n\uf0b7 Castor wheel: Rotates around the wheel axle and the offset steering joint  \n\uf0b7 Swedish 45\u00b0 and Swedish 90 \u00b0 wheels: Omni-wheel, rotates around the contact"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 1a81f06e-c904-4223-90ec-3f3baacc4150
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "point, around the wheel axle, and around the rollers.  \n\uf0b7 Ball or spherical wheel: Omnidirectional wheel, technically difficult to implement. \n \nSlip/Skid Locomotion \nIn this type, the vehicles use tracks as in a  tank. The robot is steered by moving the tracks \nwith different speeds in the same or opposite direction.  It offers stability because of large \ncontact area of track and ground. \n \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  50 \nComponents of a Robot \nRobots are constructed with the following:"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Robots are constructed with the following: \n\uf0b7 Power Supply : The robots are powered by batteries, solar power, hydraulic, or \npneumatic power sources.  \n\uf0b7 Actuators: They convert energy into movement. \n\uf0b7 Electric motors (AC/DC): They are required for rotational movement. \n\uf0b7 Pneumatic Air Muscles: They contract almost 40% when air is sucked in them. \n\uf0b7 Muscle Wires: They contract by 5% when electric current is passed through them."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: Best for industrial robots. \n\uf0b7 Sensors: They provide knowledge of real time information on the task  environment. \nRobots are equipped with vision sensors  to be to compute the depth in the \nenvironment. A tactile sensor imitates the mechanical properties of touch receptors of \nhuman fingertips.  \nComputer Vision \nThis is a technology of AI with which the robots can see. The computer vision plays vital role"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "in the domains of safety, security, health, access, and entertainment. \nComputer vision automatically extracts, analyzes, and comprehends useful information from \na single image or an array of images. This process involves development of algorithm s to \naccomplish automatic visual comprehension. \nHardware of Computer Vision System \nThis involves: \n\uf0b7 Power supply \n\uf0b7 Image acquisition device such as camera \n\uf0b7 a processor  \n\uf0b7 a software  \n\uf0b7 A display device for monitoring the system"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 A display device for monitoring the system \n\uf0b7 Accessories such as camera stands, cables, and connectors \nT asks of Computer Vision \nOCR: In the domain of computers, Optical Character Reader, a software  to convert scanned \ndocuments into editable text, which accompanies a scanner.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  51 \nFace Detection:  Many state-of-the-art cameras come with this feature , which enables to"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "read the face and take the picture of that perfect expression . It is used to let a user access \nthe software on correct match.  \nObject Recognition: They are installed in supermarkets, cameras , high-end cars such as \nBMW, GM, and Volvo. \nEstimating Position:  It is estimating position of a n object with respect to camera as in \nposition of tumor in human\u2019s body. \nApplication Domains of Computer Vision \n\uf0b7 agriculture \n\uf0b7 autonomous vehicles \n\uf0b7 biometrics \n\uf0b7 character recognition"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 biometrics \n\uf0b7 character recognition \n\uf0b7 forensics, security, and surveillance \n\uf0b7 industrial quality inspection \n\uf0b7 face recognition \n\uf0b7 gesture analysis \n\uf0b7 geoscience \n\uf0b7 medical imagery \n\uf0b7 pollution monitoring \n\uf0b7 process control  \n\uf0b7 remote sensing \n\uf0b7 robotics \n\uf0b7 transport \nApplications of Robotics \nThe robotics has been instrumental in the various domains such as: \n\uf0b7 Industries: Robots are used for h andling material, cutting, welding, color coating, \ndrilling, polishing, etc."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "drilling, polishing, etc. \n\uf0b7 Military: Autonomous robots can reach inaccessible and hazardous zones during war. \nA robot named Daksh, developed by Defense Research and Development Organization \n(DRDO), is in function to destroy life-threatening objects safely. \n\uf0b7 Medicine: The robots are capable of carrying out hundreds of clinical tests \nsimultaneously, rehabilitating permanently disabled people, and performing complex \nsurgeries such as brain tumors.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  52"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6bac5658-d53d-4864-908f-42d5059594d4
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "52 \n\uf0b7 Exploration: The robot rock climbers used for space exploration, underwater drones \nused for ocean exploration are to name a few. \n\uf0b7 Entertainment: Disney\u2019s engineers have created hundreds of robots for movie \nmaking. \n \n   Artificial Intelligence  \n  53 \nYet another research area in AI, neural networks, is inspired from the natural neural network \nof human nervous system.  \nWhat are Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)?"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)? \nThe inventor of the first neurocomputer, Dr. Robert Hecht -Nielsen, defines a neural network \nas: \n\"...a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing \nelements, which process information by their dynamic state response to external \ninputs.\u201d \nBasic Structure of ANNs \nThe idea of ANNs is  based on the belief that working of human brain by making the right"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "connections, can be imitated using silicon and wires as living neurons and dendrites. \nThe human brain is composed of 100 billion nerve cells  called neurons. They are connected \nto other thousand cells by Axons. Stimuli from external environment or inputs from sensory \norgans are accepted by dendrites. These inputs create electric impulses, which quickly travel \nthrough the neural network. A neuron can then send the message to other neuron to handle  \nthe issue or does not send it forward."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "the issue or does not send it forward. \n \nANNs are composed of multiple nodes, which imitate biological neurons of human brain. The \nneurons are connected by links and they interact with each other. The nodes can take input \n10. Neural Networks  Artificial Intelligence  \n  54 \ndata and perform simple operation s on the data. The result of these operations is passed t o \nother neurons. The output at each node is called its activation or node value."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: cfe7bc46-9fc1-4459-8753-ca6adba99c08
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Each link is associated with weight. ANNs are capable of learning, which takes place by \naltering weight values. The following illustration shows a simple ANN: \n \nT ypes of Artificial Neural Networks \nThere are two Artificial Neural Network topologies: FeedForward and Feedback. \nFeedForward ANN \nIn this ANN, the information flow is unidirectional. A unit sends information to other unit from \nwhich it does not receive any information. There are no feedback loops. They are used in"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4384035b-98fa-4532-9727-7e740cb90e72
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "pattern generation/recognition/classification. They have fixed inputs and outputs. \n \nFeedback ANN \nHere, feedback loops are allowed. They are used in content addressable memories. \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  55 \n \nWorking of ANNs  \nIn the topology diagrams shown , each arrow represents a connection between two neurons \nand indicates the pathway for the flow of information. Each connection has a weight, an integer \nnumber that controls the signal between the two neurons."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4c8f0466-f2b9-408f-939e-1186c12158cc
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "If the network generates a \u201cgood or desired\u201d output, there is no need to adjust the weights. \nHowever, if the network generates a \u201cpoor or undesired\u201d output or an error, then the system \nalters the weights in order to improve subsequent results. \nMachine Learning in ANNs \nANNs are capable of learning  and they need to be trained . There are several learning \nstrategies: \n\uf0b7 Supervised Learning: It involves a teacher that is scholar than the ANN itself. For"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ffefa228-3907-49fb-827e-58124c42ac94
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "example, the teacher feeds some example data about which the teacher already knows \nthe answers.  \nFor example, pattern recognizing. The ANN comes up with guesses while recognizing. \nThen the teacher provides the ANN with the answers. The network then compares it \nguesses with the teacher\u2019s \u201ccorrect\u201d answers and makes adjustments according to \nerrors.  \n\uf0b7 Unsupervised Learning: It is required when there is no example data set with known"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 45f693bc-b83e-4138-8241-80fc02f30f1b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "answers. For example, searching for a hidden pattern . In this case, clustering i.e.  \ndividing a set of elements into groups according to some unknown pattern  is carried \nout based on the existing data sets present.  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  56 \n\uf0b7 Reinforcement Learning : This strategy built on observation. The ANN  makes a \ndecision by observing its environment . If  the observation is negative, the ne twork"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4123de04-dc03-40f1-a5c6-273e548a6022
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "adjusts its weights to be able to make a different required decision the next time.  \nBack Propagation Algorithm \nIt is the training or learning algorithm. It learns by example. If you submit to the algorithm \nthe example of what you want the network to do, it changes the network\u2019s weights so that it \ncan produce desired output for a particular input on finishing the training.  \nBack Propagation networks are ideal for simple Pattern Recognition and Mapping Tasks . \nBayesian Networks (BN)"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b04c3bea-71c7-4928-989f-44911ef5fb84
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Bayesian Networks (BN) \nThese are the graphi cal structures used to represent the probabilistic relationship among a \nset of random variables. Bayesian networks are also called Belief Networks or Bayes Nets. \nBNs reason about uncertain domain. \nIn these networks, each node represents a random variable  with specific propositions . For \nexample, in a medical diagnosis domain, the node Cancer represents the proposition that a \npatient has cancer."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a4a05553-1e25-4303-9c59-a468f6a11c47
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "patient has cancer.  \nThe edges connecting the nodes represent probabilistic dependencies among those random \nvariables. If out of two nodes, one is affecting the other then they must be directly connected \nin the directions of the effect. The strength of the relationship between variables is quantified \nby the probability associated with each node. \nThere is an only constraint on the arcs in a BN that you cannot return to a node simply by"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b0ac5c6c-9a64-4eee-8dcc-354805b3513e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "following directed arcs. Hence the BNs are called Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs). \nBNs are capable of handling multivalued variables simultaneously. The BN variables are \ncomposed of two dimensions:  \n1. Range of prepositions \n2. Probability assigned to each of the prepositions. \nConsider a finite set X = {X1, X2, \u2026,Xn} of discrete random variables, where each variable  Xi \nmay take values from a finite set, denoted by  Val(Xi). If there is a directed link from"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 647c91e0-fa2c-47a0-8bc5-b4728c687321
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "variable Xi to variable, Xj, then variable  Xi will be a parent of variable  Xj showing direct \ndependencies between the variables.  \nThe structure of BN is ideal for combining prior knowledge and observed data. BN can be used \nto learn the causal relationships and underst and various problem domains and to predict \nfuture events, even in case of missing data. \nBuilding a Bayesian Network \nA knowledge engineer can build a Bayesian network. There are a number of steps th e"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 71a2679e-2461-4ba8-a7e6-f30577e71af2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "knowledge engineer needs to take while building it.  Artificial Intelligence  \n  57 \nExample problem: Lung cancer. A patient has been suffering from breathlessness. He visits \nthe doctor, suspecting he has lung cancer. The doctor knows that barring lung cancer, there \nare various other possible diseases the patient might have such as tuberculosis and bronchitis.  \nGather Relevant Information of Problem \n\uf0b7 Is the patient a smoker? If yes, then high chances of cancer and bronchitis."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b34f0aaf-72d4-4317-85e6-442a509df575
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Is the patient exposed to air pollution? If yes, what sort of air pollution?  \n\uf0b7 Take an X-Ray positive X-ray would indicate either TB or lung cancer. \nIdentify Interesting Variables \nThe knowledge engineer tries to answer the questions:  \n\uf0b7 Which nodes to represent?  \n\uf0b7 What values can they take? In which state can they be?  \nFor now let us consider nodes, with only discrete values. The variable must take on exactly \none of these values at a time.  \nCommon types of discrete nodes are:"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e4f9ddc7-852a-4da5-8516-5dea2ded88ac
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Common types of discrete nodes are:  \n\u2022 Boolean nodes: They represent propositions, taking binary values TRUE (T) and FALSE \n(F).  \n\u2022 Ordered values: A node Pollution might represent and take values from {low, medium, \nhigh} describing degree of a patient\u2019s exposure to pollution.  \n\u2022 Integral values: A node called Age might represent patient\u2019s age with possible values \nfrom 1 to 120. Even at this early stage, modeling choices are being made."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 12189904-e189-4c66-9ece-b27893fc80ef
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Possible nodes and values for the lung cancer example: \nNode Name Type Value \n \nPollution Binary {LOW, HIGH, MEDIUM} \nSmoker Boolean {TRUE, FASLE} \nLung-Cancer Boolean {TRUE, FASLE} \nX-Ray Binary {Positive, Negative} \n \nCreate Arcs between Nodes \nTopology of the network should capture qualitative relationships between variables.  \nFor example, what causes a pa tient to have lung cancer? - Pollution and smoking. Then add \narcs from node Pollution and node Smoker to node Lung-Cancer."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4961cbbb-161e-4215-bfcc-b8df2fff3ee4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Similarly if patient has lung cancer, then X-ray result will be positive . Then add arcs from \nLung-Cancer to X-Ray.     \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  58 \n \nSpecify Topology \nConventionally, BNs are laid out so that the arcs point from top to bottom. The set of parent \nnodes of a node X is given by Parents(X). \nThe Lung-Cancer node has two parents  (reasons or causes) :  Pollution and Smoker, while \nnode Smoker is an ancestor of node X-Ray. Similarly, X-Ray is a child (consequence or"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6a80963e-c931-4cde-b50d-c9c1376970bb
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "effects) of node Lung-Cancer and successor of nodes Smoker and Pollution.  \nConditional Probabilities  \nNow quantify the relation ships between connected nodes: this is done by specifying a \nconditional probability distribution for each node. As only discrete variables are considered \nhere, this takes the form of a Conditional Probability Table (CPT).  \nFirst, for each node we need to look at all the possible combinations of values of those parent"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a09482e0-582d-4555-bc65-7a22320e385b
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "nodes. Each such combination is called an instantiation of the parent set. For each distinct \ninstantiation of parent node values, we need to specify the probability that the child will take.  \nFor ex ample, the Lung-Cancer node\u2019s parents are Pollution and Smoking. They take the \npossible values = { (H,T), ( H,F), (L,T), (L,F)}. The CPT specifies the probability of cancer for \neach of these cases as <0.05, 0.02, 0.03, 0.001> respectively."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a3bef170-95fd-4307-b01f-5ad05b3b569f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Each node will have conditional probability associated as follows: \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  59 \n \nApplications of Neural Networks \nThey can perform tasks that are easy for a human but difficult for a machine: \n\uf0b7 Aerospace: Autopilot aircrafts, aircraft fault detection.  \n\uf0b7 Automotive: Automobile guidance systems. \n\uf0b7 Military: Weapon steering, target tracking, object discrimination, facial recognition, \nsignal/image identification."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 2b1e6837-6002-4d57-a547-625ae8fcfc11
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "signal/image identification. \n\uf0b7 Electronics: Code sequence prediction, IC chip layout, chip failure analy sis, machine \nvision, voice synthesis. \n\uf0b7 Financial: Real estate appraisal, loan advisor, mortgage screening, corporate bond \nrating, portfolio trading program, corporate financial analysis, currency value \nprediction, document readers, credit application evaluators. \n\uf0b7 Industrial: Manufacturing process control, product design and analysis, quality"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e5797899-918f-43db-ac3a-c93bb506af4f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "inspection systems, welding quality analy sis, paper quality predict ion,  chemical \nproduct design analy sis, dynamic modeling of chemical process systems, machine \nmaintenance analysis, project bidding, planning, and management.  \n Artificial Intelligence  \n  60 \n\uf0b7 Medical: Cancer cell analysis, EEG and ECG analysis, prosthe tic design, transplant \ntime optimizer. \n\uf0b7 Speech: Speech recognition, speech classification, text to speech conversion."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 3bfac28e-9b72-4449-9f0d-befd6cac7e59
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Telecommunications: Image and data compression, automated information \nservices, real-time spoken language translation. \n\uf0b7 Transportation: Truck brake diagnosis, vehicle scheduling, routing systems.  \n\uf0b7 Software: Pattern Recognition in facial recognition, optical character recognition, etc. \n\uf0b7 Time Series Predict ion: ANNs are used to make predictions on stocks and natural \ncalamities. \n\uf0b7 Signal Processing: Neural networks can be trained to process an audio signal and"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0a0496dc-4820-4f26-868b-524951f6c0ec
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "filter it appropriately in the hearing aids. \n\uf0b7 Control: ANNs are often used to make steering decisions of physical vehicles. \n\uf0b7 Anomaly Detection: As ANNs are expert at recognizing patterns, they can also be \ntrained to generate an output when something unusual occurs that misfits the pattern.   Artificial Intelligence  \n  61 \nAI is developing with such an incredible speed, sometimes  it seems magical. There is an"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 96af1559-57aa-4cb4-abaa-ed4ce4f4c341
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "opinion among researchers and developers that AI could grow so immensely strong that it \nwould be difficult for humans to control.  \nHumans developed AI systems by introducing into them every possible intelligence they could, \nfor which the humans themselves now seem threatened.  \nThreat to Privacy \nAn AI program that recognizes speech and understands natural language is theoretically \ncapable of understanding each conversation on e-mails and telephones. \nThreat to Human Dignity"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c1d80895-79d4-49bc-b46a-51d81373492f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Threat to Human Dignity \nAI systems have already started replacing the human beings  in few industries. It should not \nreplace people in the sectors where they are holding dignified positions  which are pertaining \nto ethics such as nursing, surgeon, judge, police officer, etc.  \nThreat to Safety \nThe self-improving AI systems can become so mighty than humans that could be very difficult \nto stop from achieving their goals, which may lead to unintended consequences."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 52979942-8883-4a27-bef1-e06a6b46c5f0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "11. AI Issues  Artificial Intelligence  \n  62 \nHere is the list of frequently used terms in the domain of AI: \n \nTerm Meaning \nAgent Agents are systems or software programs capable of autonomous, \npurposeful and reasoning directed towards one or more goals.  They \nare also called assistants, brokers, bots, droids, intelligent agents, and \nsoftware agents. \nAutonomous Robot Robot free from external control or influence and able to control itself \nindependently."}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 35d9d582-1abb-492b-986f-2d20c66cb67b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "independently. \nBackward Chaining Strategy of working backward for Reason/Cause of a problem. \nBlackboard It is the memory inside computer, which is used for communic ation \nbetween the cooperating expert systems. \nEnvironment It is the part of real or computational world inhabited by the agent. \nForward Chaining Strategy of working forward for conclusion/solution of a problem. \nHeuristics It is the knowledge based on Tr ial-and-error, evaluations, and \nexperimentation. \nKnowledge"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 86197aae-3454-4ddb-8b31-7abb567d92eb
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "experimentation. \nKnowledge \nEngineering Acquiring knowledge from human experts and other resources. \nPercepts It is the format in which the agent obtains information about the \nenvironment. \nPruning Overriding unnecessary and irrelevant considerations in AI systems. \nRule It is a format of representing knowledge base in Expert System. It is in \nthe form of IF-THEN-ELSE. \nShell A shell is a software that helps in designing inference engine,"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 10:02:01
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7c3984e7-abb8-4fb1-859e-81817c6ef1c0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "922", "lesson_id": "1202", "content_id": "1760", "file_name": "artificial intelligence tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "knowledge base, and user interface of an expert system. \nTask It is the goal the agent is tries to accomplish. \nTuring Test A test developed by Allan Turing to test the intelligence of a machine \nas compared to human intelligence.   \n  \n \n \n \n \n \n  \n12. AI Terminology"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 11:20:07
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e7cd82e7-c2ae-47b1-bbcd-7453a7532a9a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "924", "lesson_id": "1204", "content_id": "1762", "file_name": "audio test_v1.mp3", "chroma:document": "Good morning. Please take a seat. Why are you applying for this job? I'm looking for a job that fits my qualifications and a company I can grow with. Why should I hire you? What are your strengths? I work well with other people and I'm very ambitious. I'm also always looking for opportunities to learn and grow. Do you work well under pressure? Yes, I'm able to stay calm and focused. Where do you see yourself in the next five years? By then I would like to have improved my skills and become more"}


created_at: 2026-04-07 11:20:07
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a38866a4-6fe6-4ee2-924a-c05dbe13b443
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "924", "lesson_id": "1204", "content_id": "1762", "file_name": "audio test_v1.mp3", "chroma:document": "like to have improved my skills and become more independent in what I do. Do you have any questions for me, Mr. Acker? No, I think I have a good understanding of the job and I'm excited at the prospect of working within your team. Thanks for coming in today. We will call you soon with our decision. Thanks for considering me. Have a nice day."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 09:42:51
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d5901599-028d-4abd-8172-52d2e5af0d82
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "925", "lesson_id": "1205", "content_id": "1763", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Welcome to the course on English grammar for Office Communication. Communication is the heart and soul of the human experience. The process of communication mainly includes speaking, listening and writing. It is a natural phenomenon that we start speaking what everybody speaks around us. We gradually develop a better sense of understanding with the passage of time. A good knowledge of grammar gives us a competitive edge in the business situations. Grammar is a study of words and the way words"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 09:42:51
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 14400803-a030-4858-b028-32aace4251e6
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "925", "lesson_id": "1205", "content_id": "1763", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Grammar is a study of words and the way words work together. There are eight parts of speech they are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, interjection, conjunction, preposition and adjective. This unit will enable you to identify a noun in the sentence, point out a pronoun and outline an adjective. Let us start this unit with the basic part of speech. noun what is a noun? Why is it used? What are its classifications? Look around you. What do you see? A computer, the living room, your dad, everything"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 09:42:51
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "925", "lesson_id": "1205", "content_id": "1763", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "A computer, the living room, your dad, everything that you see you can name is a noun. There are four kinds of nouns. Common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns and collective noun. Click on each of these nouns to know more. Here is a list of some proper and their corresponding common nouns. Let us now try to identify the nouns in a sentence. This is my dog. It lives in my house. We live in London. Here, dog and house refers to a thing and London refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 09:42:51
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "925", "lesson_id": "1205", "content_id": "1763", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen. Here, there are two nouns. Joseph Priestley and oxygen."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "White Paper\nIntroduction to Cloud Computing Introduction to Cloud Computing\n2\nWhite Paper\nExecutive Summary\nA common understanding of \u201ccloud computing\u201d is continuously evolving, and the terminology and concepts used to define it often \nneed clarifying. Press coverage can be vague or may not fully capture the extent of what cloud computing entails or represents, \nsometimes reporting how companies are making their solutions available in the \u201ccloud\u201d or how \u201ccloud computing\u201d is the way"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "forward, but not examining the characteristics, models, and services involved in understanding what cloud computing is and what \nit can become.\nThis white paper introduces internet-based cloud computing, exploring the characteristics, service models, and deployment models \nin use today, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing. Also discussed are the communications"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "services in the cloud (including ways to access the cloud, such as web APIs and media control interfaces) and the importance of \nscalability and flexibility in a cloud-based environment. \nAlso noted for businesses desiring to start using communication services, are the interface choices available, including Web 2.0 \nAPIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML based interfaces, catering to a wide range of application and service \ncreation developers. Introduction to Cloud Computing"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "3\nWhite Paper\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4\nCloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4\nService Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5\nDeployment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Benefits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6\nChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6\nCommunications in the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Using the Communications Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7\nAccessing through Web APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7\nMedia Server Control Interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Communications Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8\nGetting Started with Communications Services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Introduction to Cloud Computing\n4\nWhite Paper\nIntroduction"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "4\nWhite Paper\nIntroduction\nThis white paper is an introduction to the terms, characteristics, and services associated with internet-based computing, commonly referred to as \ncloud computing  . Characteristics, such as infrastructure, provisioning, network access, and managed metering are presented  . \nThe primary business service models being deployed (such as software, platform, and infrastructure as a service) and common deployment"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "models employed by service providers and users to use and maintain the cloud services (such as the private, public, community, and hybrid \nclouds) are discussed  . \nAlso introduced are the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing, and for those seeking to use communications services in the \ncloud, briefly presented are different ways of determining the interfaces needed to use these communications services  .\nCloud Computing"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Cloud Computing\nThe term \u201ccloud\u201d, as used in this white paper, appears to have its origins in network diagrams that represented the internet, or various parts of \nit, as schematic clouds  . \u201cCloud computing\u201d was coined for what happens when applications and services are moved into the internet \u201ccloud  .\u201d \nCloud computing is not something that suddenly appeared overnight; in some form, it may trace back to a time when computer systems remotely"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "time-shared computing resources and applications  . More currently though, cloud computing refers to the many different types of services and \napplications being delivered in the internet cloud, and the fact that, in many cases, the devices used to access these services and applications \ndo not require any special applications  . \nMany companies are delivering services from the cloud  . Some notable examples include the following:"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Google \u2014 Has a private cloud that it uses for delivering Google Docs and many other services to its users, including email access, document \napplications, text translations, maps, web analytics, and much more . \n\u2022  Microsoft \u2014 Has Microsoft\n\u00ae Office 365\u00ae online service that allows for content and business intelligence tools to be moved into the cloud, and \nMicrosoft currently makes its office applications available in a cloud ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Salesforce.com \u2014 Runs its application set for its customers in a cloud, and its Force .com and Vmforce .com products provide developers with \nplatforms to build customized cloud services .\nBut, what is cloud computing? The following sections note cloud and cloud computing characteristics, services models, deployment models, \nbenefits, and challenges .\nCharacteristics\nCloud computing has a variety of characteristics, with the main ones being:"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Shared Infrastructure \u2014 Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the sharing of physical services, storage, and networking capabilities . The \ncloud infrastructure, regardless of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the available infrastructure across a number of users .\n\u2022  Dynamic Provisioning \u2014 Allows for the provision of services based on current demand requirements . This is done automatically using software"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "automation, enabling the expansion and contraction of service capability, as needed . This dynamic scaling needs to be done while maintaining \nhigh levels of reliability and security .\n\u2022  Network Access \u2014 Needs to be accessed across the internet from a broad range of devices such as PCs, laptops, and mobile devices, \nusing standards-based APIs (for example, ones based on HTTP) . Deployments of services in the cloud include everything from using business"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "applications to the latest application on the newest smartphones . \n\u2022  Managed Metering \u2014 Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service and to provide reporting and billing information . In this way, \nconsumers are billed for services according to how much they have actually used during the billing period . \nIn short, cloud computing allows for the sharing and scalable deployment of services, as needed, from almost any location, and for which the"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "customer can be billed based on actual usage  .  Introduction to Cloud Computing\n5\nWhite Paper\nService Models \nOnce a cloud is established, how its cloud computing services are deployed in terms of business models can differ depending on requirements  . \nThe primary service models being deployed (see Figure 1) are commonly known as:\n\u2022  Software as a Service (SaaS) \u2014 Consumers purchase the ability to access and use an application or service that is hosted in the cloud . A"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "benchmark example of this is Salesforce .com, as discussed previously, where necessary information for the interaction between the consumer and \nthe service is hosted as part of the service in the cloud . \nAlso, Microsoft has made a significant investment in this area, and as part of the cloud computing option for Microsoft\n\u00ae Office 365, its Office suite \nis available as a subscription through its cloud-based Online Services  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Platform as a Service (PaaS) \u2014 Consumers purchase access to the platforms, enabling them to deploy their own software and applications in \nthe cloud . The operating systems and network access are not managed by the consumer, and there might be constraints as to which applications \ncan be deployed . Examples include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Rackspace and Microsoft Azure ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) \u2014 Consumers control and manage the systems in terms of the operating systems, applications, storage, and \nnetwork connectivity, but do not themselves control the cloud infrastructure .\nAlso known are the various subsets of these models that may be related to a particular industry or market  . Communications as a Service (CaaS) is"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "one such subset model used to describe hosted IP telephony services  . Along with the move to CaaS is a shift to more IP-centric communications \nand more SIP trunking deployments  . With IP and SIP in place, it can be as easy to have the PBX in the cloud as it is to have it on the premise  . In \nthis context, CaaS could be seen as a subset of SaaS  .\nFigure 1. Service Model Types\nDeployment Models"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Figure 1. Service Model Types\nDeployment Models\nDeploying cloud computing can differ depending on requirements, and the following four deployment models have been identified, each with \nspecific characteristics that support the needs of the services and users of the clouds in particular ways (see Figure 2)  .\n\u2022  Private Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure has been deployed, and is maintained and operated for a specific organization . The operation may be"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "in-house or with a third party on the premises . \n\u2022  Community Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure is shared among a number of organizations with similar interests and requirements . This may help \nlimit the capital expenditure costs for its establishment as the costs are shared among the organizations . The operation may be in-house or with \na third party on the premises ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "a third party on the premises . \n\u2022  Public Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure is available to the public on a commercial basis by a cloud service provider . This enables a consumer to \ndevelop and deploy a service in the cloud with very little financial outlay compared to the capital expenditure requirements normally associated \nwith other deployment options ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "with other deployment options . \n\u2022  Hybrid Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure consists of a number of clouds of any type, but the clouds have the ability through their interfaces to \nallow data and/or applications to be moved from one cloud to another . This can be a combination of private and public clouds that support the \nrequirement to retain some data in an organization, and also the need to offer services in the cloud ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Enduser application is delivered as a service. Platform and infrastructure is abstracted, and \ncan deployed and managed with less effort.\nPhysical infrastructure is abstracted to provide computing, storage, and networking as a \nservice, avoiding the expense and need for dedicated systems.\nSoftware as a Service (SaaS)\nApplication platform onto which custom applications and services can be deployed. Can be \nbuilt and deployed more inexpensively, although services need to be supported and managed."}


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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Platform as a Service (PaaS)\nInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Introduction to Cloud Computing\n6\nWhite Paper\nFigure 2. Public, Private, and Hybrid Cloud Deployment Example\nBenefits\nThe following are some of the possible benefits for those who offer cloud computing-based services and applications: \n\u2022  Cost Savings \u2014 Companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use operational expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 36d07a16-9e1d-4a2c-9101-62b504b36aec
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in-house IT resources to provide system support .\n\u2022  Scalability/Flexibility \u2014 Companies can start with a small deployment and grow to a large deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if \nnecessary . Also, the flexibility of cloud computing allows companies to use extra resources at peak times, enabling them to satisfy consumer \ndemands ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "demands . \n\u2022  Reliability \u2014 Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity and disaster recovery .\n\u2022  Maintenance \u2014 Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through APIs that do not require application installations onto \nPCs, thus further reducing maintenance requirements .\n\u2022  Mobile Accessible \u2014 Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in an infrastructure available from anywhere .\nChallenges"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Challenges\nThe following are some of the notable challenges associated with cloud computing, and although some of these may cause a slowdown when \ndelivering more services in the cloud, most also can provide opportunities, if resolved with due care and attention in the planning stages  .\n\u2022  Security and Privacy \u2014 Perhaps two of the more \u201chot button\u201d issues surrounding cloud computing relate to storing and securing data, and"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 47a36a9d-3a2f-46af-9d2c-e25f4f1498ba
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "monitoring the use of the cloud by the service providers . These issues are generally attributed to slowing the deployment of cloud services . These \nchallenges can be addressed, for example, by storing the information internal to the organization, but allowing it to be used in the cloud . For \nthis to occur, though, the security mechanisms between organization and the cloud need to be robust and a Hybrid cloud could support such a \ndeployment ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: fd71900d-a1f2-4b41-b619-e38aac2fdf90
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "deployment . \n\u2022  Lack of Standards \u2014 Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are associated with these, and thus it is unlikely that most \nclouds will be interoperable . The Open Grid Forum is developing an Open Cloud Computing Interface to resolve this issue and the Open Cloud \nConsortium is working on cloud computing standards and practices . The findings of these groups will need to mature, but it is not known whether"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 57290e3a-d7a2-48dd-a010-7950dcda06a6
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "they will address the needs of the people deploying the services and the specific interfaces these services need . However, keeping up to date on \nthe latest standards as they evolve will allow them to be leveraged, if applicable . \n\u2022  Continuously Evolving \u2014 User requirements are continuously evolving, as are the requirements for interfaces, networking, and storage . This \nmeans that a \u201ccloud,\u201d especially a public one, does not remain static and is also continuously evolving ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: fe00f0ac-916e-4bf5-9225-b26b0748d643
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Compliance Concerns \u2014 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in the US and Data Protection directives in the EU are just two among many compliance \nissues affecting cloud computing, based on the type of data and application for which the cloud is being used . The EU has a legislative backing \nfor data protection across all member states, but in the US data protection is different and can vary from state to state . As with security and privacy"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 25ce77e1-a85d-4efd-b23c-264a0daa75b3
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "mentioned previously, these typically result in Hybrid cloud deployment with one cloud storing the data internal to the organization . \nCommunications in the Cloud\nFor service developers, making services available in the cloud depends on the type of service and the device(s) being used to access it . The process \nmay be as simple as a user clicking on the required web page, or could involve an application using an API accessing the services in the cloud  . \nEnterprise\n Public internet"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Enterprise\n Public internet\nPrivate cloud in \nenterprise\nEnterprise 1\nClous services\nPublic cloud\nEnterprise 2\nHybrid Cloud - \nCombining Public Internet\na Private and Public Cloud Introduction to Cloud Computing\n7\nWhite Paper\nTelcos are starting to use clouds to release their own services and those developed by others, but using Telco infrastructure and data  . The \nexpectation is that the Telco\u2019s communications infrastructure provides a revenue generating opportunity  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c84c38c1-7458-469f-9a79-7c34093836ef
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Using the Communications Services\nWhen in the cloud, communications services can extend their capabilities, or stand alone as service offerings, or provide new interactivity \ncapabilities to current services  .\nCloud-based communications services enable businesses to embed communications capabilities into business applications, such as Enterprise \nResource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems  . For \u201con the move\u201d business people, these can be accessed"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "through a smartphone, supporting increased productivity while away from the office  . \nThese services are over and above the support of service deployments of VoIP systems, collaboration systems, and conferencing systems for \nboth voice and video  . They can be accessed from any location and linked into current services to extend their capabilities, as well as stand alone \nas service offerings  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ffbe9a8f-04ab-4ae7-af8f-d9e803f82525
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "as service offerings  .\nIn terms of social networking, using cloud-based communications provides click-to-call capabilities from social networking sites, access to Instant \nMessaging systems and video communications, broadening the interlinking of people within the social circle  . \nAccessing through Web APIs\nAccessing communications capabilities in a cloud-based environment is achieved through APIs, primarily Web 2  .0 RESTful APIs, allowing"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0b2fbcc3-b131-48f8-b455-d0f52fb9ea57
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "application development outside the cloud to take advantage of the communication infrastructure within it (see Figure 3)  .\nFigure 3. Web 2.0 Interfaces to the Cloud\nThese APIs open up a range of communications possibilities for cloud-based services, only limited by the media and signaling capabilities within \nthe cloud . Today\u2019s media services allow for communications and management of voice and video across a complex range of codecs and transport"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 2711dd4e-f3b2-4577-ae7b-c497d3788d75
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "types  . By using the Web APIs, these complexities can be simplified and the media can be delivered to the remote device more easily  . APIs also \nenable communication of other services, providing new opportunities and helping to drive Average Revenue per User (ARPU) and attachment \nrates, especially for Telcos  . \nMedia Server Control Interfaces\nWhen building communications capabilities into the \u201ccore of the cloud,\u201d where they will be accessed by another service, the Web 2  .0 APIs"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 3a8fd8c5-6a77-42ee-9137-c0d5541774b5
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "can be used, as well as a combination of SIP or VoiceXML and the standard media controlling APIs such as MSML, MSCML, and JSR309  . The \ncombinations provide different capability sets, but with MediaCTRL being developed in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), it is expected \nthat MediaCTRL will supersede MSML and MSCML and have an upsurge in availability and more developments after it is ratified  . JSR309 is a"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "notable choice for those seeking Java development, as it provides the Java interface to media control  .\nFigure 4 is an example of accessing services in the cloud through Web 2  .0 and media control interface APIs  .\nCloud-based service\nMedia and signaling \ncapabilities\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface\n Introduction to Cloud Computing\n8\nWhite Paper\nFigure 4. Accessing the Communications Capabilities from Within the Cloud"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0954dfc8-d67e-4ec5-bb73-23a5becc63de
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Whether businesses are deploying communications services for access from outside of or within the cloud, the environment is one that supports \nthe speedy development and rollout of these capabilities  .\nCommunications Scalability\nTo deliver on the scalability requirements for cloud-based deployments, the communications software should be capable of running in virtual"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 426345c5-9f20-4cdb-80a1-384345307a1e
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "environments  . This allows for easily increasing and decreasing session densities based on the needs at the time, while keeping the physical \nresource requirement on servers to a minimum  .\nGetting Started with Communications Services\nBusinesses desiring to use the communications capabilities of cloud-based services will stand to benefit by determining the right interfaces  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Dialogic supports a broad range of interfaces, including RESTful APIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML-based interfaces, \ncatering to a wide range of application and service creation developers  . These interfaces, available over media and signaling capabilities, support \nthe scalability needed in a cloud-based environment while still being easy to deploy and administer  .\nCloud-based service\nMedia and \nsignaling\nApplication \nserver\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: cc808fc1-cc8b-4926-b34b-630570f30343
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "signaling\nApplication \nserver\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface\nApplication server controls media server \nthrough media control APIs or Web 2.0 www.dialogic.com\nFor a list of Dialogic locations and offices, please visit: https://www  .dialogic  .com/contact  .\nINFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH PRODUCTS OF DIALOGIC CORPORATION AND ITS AFFILIATES OR SUBSIDIARIES (\u201cDIALOGIC\u201d)  . NO LICENSE,"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 79724bd8-ba2a-419d-ba7c-d54a329b2f3b
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT  . EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN A SIGNED AGREEMENT \nBETWEEN YOU AND DIALOGIC, DIALOGIC ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND DIALOGIC DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE \nOF DIALOGIC PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL \nPROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 364a941e-ef01-44e4-8f08-41528e18f1de
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  .\nDialogic products are not intended for use in certain safety-affecting situations  .  Please see http://www  .dialogic  .com/company/terms-of-use  .aspx for more details  .\nDialogic may make changes to specifications, product descriptions, and plans at any time, without notice  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Dialogic is a registered trademark of Dialogic Corporation and its affiliates or subsidiaries  . Dialogic\u2019s trademarks may be used publicly only with permission from Dialogic  . Such permission \nmay only be granted by Dialogic\u2019s legal department at 3300 Boulevard de la C\u00f4te-Vertu, Suite 112, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4R 1P8  . Any authorized use of Dialogic\u2019s trademarks will be"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c75519a4-52bc-463b-8f8c-6cd983aee6d3
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "subject to full respect of the trademark guidelines published by Dialogic from time to time and any use of Dialogic\u2019s trademarks requires proper acknowledgement  .\nThe names of actual companies and products mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners  . Dialogic encourages all users of its products to procure all necessary \nintellectual property licenses required to implement their concepts or applications, which licenses may vary from country to country  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:52:13
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e262dfcc-0fe3-482d-a38f-428d02c4a261
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "942", "lesson_id": "1222", "content_id": "1781", "file_name": "Introduction to cloud computing_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Any use case(s) shown and/or described herein represent one or more examples of the various ways, scenarios or environments in which Dialogic\n\u00ae products can be used  .  Such use case(s) are \nnon-limiting and do not represent recommendations of Dialogic as to whether or how to use Dialogic products  . \nCopyright \u00a9 2017 Dialogic Corporation  .  All rights reserved  . 10/17    12023-02"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:55:40
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ae6c1495-c255-4932-b238-67dd01bf69ea
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "943", "lesson_id": "1223", "content_id": "1782", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Welcome to the course on English grammar for Office Communication. Communication is the heart and soul of the human experience. The process of communication mainly includes speaking, listening and writing. It is a natural phenomenon that we start speaking what everybody speaks around us. We gradually develop a better sense of understanding with the passage of time. A good knowledge of grammar gives us a competitive edge in the business situations. Grammar is a study of words and the way words"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:55:40
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 73f911d3-9ef4-43f1-8e7b-7d1758289389
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "943", "lesson_id": "1223", "content_id": "1782", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Grammar is a study of words and the way words work together. There are eight parts of speech they are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, interjection, conjunction, preposition and adjective. This unit will enable you to identify a noun in the sentence, point out a pronoun and outline an adjective. Let us start this unit with the basic part of speech. noun what is a noun? Why is it used? What are its classifications? Look around you. What do you see? A computer, the living room, your dad, everything"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:55:40
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0db20a53-034a-4b17-84e8-60d98d5443b6
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "943", "lesson_id": "1223", "content_id": "1782", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "A computer, the living room, your dad, everything that you see you can name is a noun. There are four kinds of nouns. Common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns and collective noun. Click on each of these nouns to know more. Here is a list of some proper and their corresponding common nouns. Let us now try to identify the nouns in a sentence. This is my dog. It lives in my house. We live in London. Here, dog and house refers to a thing and London refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 06:55:40
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: a3e8cac0-05cd-4b5a-9086-5dbe370852aa
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "943", "lesson_id": "1223", "content_id": "1782", "file_name": "WhatsApp Video 2025 04 15 at 14_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen. Here, there are two nouns. Joseph Priestley and oxygen."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 07:33:17
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 8eaceab6-0ad1-41b1-8e69-86614ad2ab76
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "945", "lesson_id": "1225", "content_id": "1784", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u06_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "This is Sarah Burowski. She's a photographer in New York. She loves her work and her day is always busy. This is a day in her life. Sarah gets up at 8 o'clock in the morning. She brushes her teeth and has breakfast. She always makes coffee. At 8.30, Sarah gets her camera, leaves home and goes to work. New York City is always busy in the morning. Sarah never drives. She usually travels by train. Sometimes she takes photographs on the journey. Sarah works in West Brooklyn. She works for a"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 07:33:17
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 5493ecf2-10d2-4cd1-b1ad-d2ce88a434bc
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "945", "lesson_id": "1225", "content_id": "1784", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u06_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Sarah works in West Brooklyn. She works for a magazine. Sometimes she works in the office. But she often works outside. At 1 o'clock in the afternoon, Sarah has lunch. She often meets a friend and goes to her favorite cafe. Sarah usually finishes work at 6. And she gets home at 6.30. Sarah has a really nice apartment in East Brooklyn. But it's a little bit small. She sometimes has dinner at a restaurant. But she usually eats at home. She eats dinner at 7.30. In the evening, she looks at her"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 07:33:17
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: af28276b-3033-456a-a59e-7ba217aab7e1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "945", "lesson_id": "1225", "content_id": "1784", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u06_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "dinner at 7.30. In the evening, she looks at her photographs on her computer and serves the internet. She sometimes watches TV. Sarah never goes to bed early. She sometimes stays up until 2 in the morning."}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b3eca525-c3e4-45c8-a9d3-fa60585c801c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "[Type here] \n \nTypes of Test Cases: \n \nUnit Testing \nUnit testing verifies a single function or method in isolation to ensure it works correctly. \n  Example: Testing one function\u2019s logic without database, API, or UI. \n \nIntegration Testing \nIntegration testing verifies multiple functions or modules working together, where one function may call another \nfunction or interact with external components like a database."}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c52944ae-2b20-46d6-b2a5-eaa0b4e48eda
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Example: Testing a function that internally calls another function and processes combined results. \n \nFunctional Testing \nFunctional testing verifies the complete feature or page behavior, ensuring the system performs as expected from \nthe user\u2019s perspective. \n  Example: Testing a full page or API endpoint that processes user input and returns output. \n \n \nSpringBoot Test Cases: \n \nReferences (BEST LEARNING LINKS) \n     Official Docs \n   Spring Boot Testing"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: db62dad2-f685-4507-9b0c-1eeb2cb441eb
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Official Docs \n   Spring Boot Testing \nhttps://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/features.html#features.testing \n     Baeldung (Highly Recommended) \n   Controller Testing \nhttps://www.baeldung.com/spring-boot-testing \n   MockMvc \nhttps://www.baeldung.com/spring-mvc-test-examples \n          YouTube (Easy) \n\u2022 Search: \u201cSpring Boot MockMvc tutorial\u201d \n\u2022 Channel: Java Brains / Amigoscode \nRecommended Approach for LMS Project  [Type here] \n \nLayer Testing Tool Notes"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 67b4b38d-597b-4419-9317-8c5d3b2fa176
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Layer Testing Tool Notes \nController / API MockMvc Fast, mock dependencies \nService JUnit + Mockito Test business logic without HTTP \nRepository @DataJpaTest Test DB queries with H2 \nFull App Flow @SpringBootTest End-to-end integration \n \nUnit Test Cases \n \n\u2554\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2557 \n\u2551                    CONTROLLER TESTING QUICK REFERENCE                        \u2551 \n\u255a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: db23d914-0ccd-4626-8bc8-9fb736f0506c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u255d \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 1. TEST CLASS SETUP                                                          \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)  \u2190 Add this to every test class \nclass YourControllerTest { \n     \n    @Mock                                \u2190 Fake version of dependency \n    private YourService service;"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d6cc118c-aa29-4b0f-9252-7ec68b32bc68
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "private YourService service; \n     \n    @InjectMocks                         \u2190 Real controller with fake dependencies \n    private YourController controller; \n     \n    @Test                                \u2190 This marks a test method \n    void testSomething() { } \n} \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 2. THE AAA PATTERN (Use in Every Test)                                      \u2502  [Type here]"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c83deed2-22db-47eb-add6-330da2e4f5ba
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n@Test \nvoid testMethod_Success() { \n     \n    // ===== ARRANGE ===== (Set up) \n    when(service.getData()).thenReturn(data); \n     \n    // ===== ACT ===== (Execute) \n    ResponseEntity<?> response = controller.method(); \n     \n    // ===== ASSERT ===== (Check) \n    assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, response.getStatusCode()); \n     \n    // ===== VERIFY ===== (Confirm method calls)"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: dabd71b0-d49e-46ca-bad1-61f31f416fe7
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "// ===== VERIFY ===== (Confirm method calls) \n    verify(service, times(1)).getData(); \n} \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 3. MOCKITO PATTERNS                                                          \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 834b55d6-0a47-4632-8899-52c0ff74b693
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 Pattern                     \u2502 When to Use                                  \u2502 \n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524 \n\u2502 when().thenReturn()         \u2502 Method returns a value                       \u2502 \n\u2502 when().thenThrow()          \u2502 Method throws exception                      \u2502 \n\u2502 doNothing().when()          \u2502 Method returns void                          \u2502 \n\u2502 any()                       \u2502 Any argument of any type                     \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 687173e7-17f4-43d1-a06d-02ac873334c7
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 anyLong()                   \u2502 Any Long argument                            \u2502 \n\u2502 anyString()                 \u2502 Any String argument                          \u2502  [Type here] \n \n\u2502 eq(value)                   \u2502 Specific value (with any())                  \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nExamples: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7ef7941b-9de3-45b2-a62b-46c0e112df58
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 when(service.findById(1L)).thenReturn(user);                                 \u2502 \n\u2502 when(service.findById(any())).thenReturn(user);                              \u2502 \n\u2502 when(service.save(any())).thenThrow(new RuntimeException());                 \u2502 \n\u2502 doNothing().when(service).delete(1L);                                        \u2502 \n\u2502 when(service.update(eq(1L), any())).thenReturn(updated);                     \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 88733ebe-b6b4-4d36-92da-fdb6176681f5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 4. COMMON ASSERTIONS                                                         \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 Assertion                           \u2502 What it Checks                         \u2502 \n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: fbabff17-1548-42b7-9a4f-cce24375ff9e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 assertEquals(expected, actual)      \u2502 Two values are equal                   \u2502 \n\u2502 assertNotNull(object)               \u2502 Object is not null                     \u2502 \n\u2502 assertTrue(condition)               \u2502 Condition is true                      \u2502 \n\u2502 assertFalse(condition)              \u2502 Condition is false                     \u2502 \n\u2502 assertThrows(Exception.class, ...)  \u2502 Code throws exception                  \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c0dbe001-9b62-468c-8677-a68dd9c9795b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Examples: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, response.getStatusCode());                       \u2502 \n\u2502 assertNotNull(response.getBody());                                           \u2502 \n\u2502 assertEquals(\"John\", user.getName());                                        \u2502  [Type here] \n \n\u2502 assertTrue(list.isEmpty());                                                  \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: d5b33992-2c4b-4d28-a5f5-b3fefad001de
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 5. VERIFY METHOD CALLS                                                       \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 verify(service, times(1)).method();     \u2190 Called exactly once                \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 325be8b0-bc1f-4743-a5ac-746b1280f97d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 verify(service, times(2)).method();     \u2190 Called exactly twice               \u2502 \n\u2502 verify(service, never()).method();      \u2190 Never called                       \u2502 \n\u2502 verify(service, atLeast(1)).method();   \u2190 Called at least once               \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 6. TEST SCENARIOS (Write These for Every Method)                            \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: eb053d2b-d1c6-439f-888b-f759b97ba8b2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nFor a GET method: \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_Success          (Returns 200 OK with data) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_NotFound         (Returns 404 when not found) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_Error            (Returns 500 on exception) \n\u2514\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_EmptyData        (Returns 200 with empty list) \n \nFor a POST method: \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_Success         (Returns 201 CREATED)"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 3e07f31f-8e57-45e4-bccd-121954589fee
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u251c\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_BadRequest      (Returns 400 for invalid data) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_Error           (Returns 500 on exception) \n\u2514\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_Duplicate       (Returns 409 if already exists) \n \nFor a DELETE method:  [Type here] \n \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testDeleteMethod_Success       (Returns 200 OK) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testDeleteMethod_NotFound      (Returns 404) \n\u2514\u2500\u2500    testDeleteMethod_Error         (Returns 500 on exception)"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b9864b5a-4811-44a4-ba65-7a726837ebed
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 7. RUNNING TESTS                                                             \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nCommand Line: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 mvn test                              \u2190 Run all tests                        \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7a3a7cdf-e0e7-4b99-b0f1-48d64176e2ae
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 mvn test -Dtest=YourControllerTest    \u2190 Run specific test class             \u2502 \n\u2502 mvn test -Dtest=YourControllerTest#testMethod  \u2190 Run specific test method   \u2502 \n\u2502 mvn clean test jacoco:report          \u2190 Run with coverage report            \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nIDE: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 Right-click test file \u2192 Run 'YourControllerTest'                            \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 8f560d22-f800-4aa5-846d-6ce7b7007b39
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 Right-click test method \u2192 Run 'testMethod'                                  \u2502 \n\u2502 Click green play button next to test                                        \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 8. TEST NAMING CONVENTION                                                    \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6d221c92-c0fe-47ae-b81d-1fe7b0fa9b21
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Format: test[MethodName]_[Scenario] \n \nExamples: \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testGetUser_Success  [Type here] \n \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testGetUser_NotFound \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testGetUser_Error \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testCreateUser_Success \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testCreateUser_ValidationError \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testDeleteUser_Success \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 testDeleteUser_NotFound \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 9. COMPLETE EXAMPLE                                                          \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7e80271c-3b25-4f98-b56c-9809206766f1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nController: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 @GetMapping(\"/user/{id}\")                                                    \u2502 \n\u2502 public ResponseEntity<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {                \u2502 \n\u2502     User user = userService.findById(id);                                   \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f458ca1f-e4b4-4477-b125-6e09d0e75386
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502     return ResponseEntity.ok(user);                                         \u2502 \n\u2502 }                                                                            \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nTest: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)                                         \u2502 \n\u2502 class UserControllerTest {                                                  \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: dd8bf578-1b00-4452-8cb2-9b2726daa059
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502     @Mock                                                                    \u2502 \n\u2502     private UserService userService;                                        \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502     @InjectMocks                                                             \u2502 \n\u2502     private UserController userController;                                  \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 58a8e288-744b-4dee-b683-b5f45c9cd2ea
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502                                                                              \u2502  [Type here] \n \n\u2502     @Test                                                                    \u2502 \n\u2502     void testGetUser_Success() {                                            \u2502 \n\u2502         // ARRANGE                                                           \u2502 \n\u2502         Long userId = 1L;                                                    \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ee6fc21a-cc25-48a0-8635-0295310b1e40
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502         User expectedUser = new User(1L, \"John\");                           \u2502 \n\u2502         when(userService.findById(userId)).thenReturn(expectedUser);        \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502         // ACT                                                               \u2502 \n\u2502         ResponseEntity<User> response = userController.getUser(userId);     \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 5100f295-14a6-48d3-8121-013e34da7ac5
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502         // ASSERT                                                            \u2502 \n\u2502         assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, response.getStatusCode());              \u2502 \n\u2502         assertEquals(\"John\", response.getBody().getName());                 \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502         // VERIFY                                                            \u2502 \n\u2502         verify(userService, times(1)).findById(userId);                     \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4558179a-30ea-4148-af4f-9c2c995a8888
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502     }                                                                        \u2502 \n\u2502 }                                                                            \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 10. TROUBLESHOOTING                                                          \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0ec246a1-7a70-4681-81a8-87cfe492e08a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Problem: Mocks don't work \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Add @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) \n \nProblem: NullPointerException in test \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Did you mock the return value? when(service.method()).thenReturn(...) \n \nProblem: Test fails with \"wanted but not invoked\"  [Type here] \n \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Check if method name and parameters match exactly \n \nProblem: Wrong number of invocations \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Check verify() count matches actual method calls \n \nProblem: Can't use eq() and any() together"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 18a4f1d2-3869-41fd-99cf-b6ae771db771
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Problem: Can't use eq() and any() together \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: If you use any() for one parameter, use eq() for specific values \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 11. CHECKLIST BEFORE SUBMITTING TESTS                                       \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u25a1 Test class has @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) \n\u25a1 All dependencies are mocked with @Mock"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 6f1da961-52c5-4a6a-a92c-66ccdece915a
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u25a1 All dependencies are mocked with @Mock \n\u25a1 Controller has @InjectMocks \n\u25a1 Success test case written \n\u25a1 Error test case written \n\u25a1 Edge cases covered \n\u25a1 All tests use AAA pattern \n\u25a1 Tests have descriptive names \n\u25a1 verify() statements added where needed \n\u25a1 All tests pass: mvn test \n\u25a1 No System.out.println() in tests \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 12. REMEMBER                                                                 \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 07e0d9a1-6aa8-4287-a3ae-5bde6ee35e2e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n       One test = One scenario \n          AAA Pattern = Arrange, Act, Assert \n   Mock = Fake object  [Type here] \n \n   Verify = Check method was called \n    Test success AND failure scenarios \n        Start simple, add complexity gradually \n \nIntegration Test cases: \n \nFile Placement \n1. Test Class \nsrc/test/java/com/britanica/pbl/controller/ \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 DomainControllerIntegrationTest.java \n2. Test Configuration"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 32fbad49-8ec4-410f-bbc1-9e8b75f3774c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "2. Test Configuration \nsrc/test/resources/ \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 application-test.properties \n \nStep 1: Add H2 Database Dependency \nAdd to your pom.xml: \n    <!-- H2 Database for Testing --> \n    <dependency> \n        <groupId>com.h2database</groupId> \n        <artifactId>h2</artifactId> \n        <scope>test</scope> \n    </dependency> \n \nRun All Integration Tests \nmvn test -Dtest=DomainControllerIntegrationTest \n \nSample Example: \n  [Type here] \n \n@SpringBootTest                 // \u2190 Loads full Spring context"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0dc093dc-a13e-4134-9854-b8952a70026e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "@AutoConfigureMockMvc          // \u2190 Provides MockMvc for HTTP testing \n@Transactional                 // \u2190 Rollback after each test \nclass DomainControllerIntegrationTest { \n     \n    @Autowired \n    private MockMvc mockMvc;            // \u2190 Simulates HTTP requests \n     \n    @Autowired \n    private DomainRepository repository; // \u2190 Real repository \n     \n    @Test \n    @WithMockUser(authorities = \"Admin\") // \u2190 Mock security \n    void testListDomains_Success() throws Exception {"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 87e585a0-2a41-480c-a71d-1d78e89efb3a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "// Insert REAL data into database \n        Domain domain = new Domain(); \n        domain.setDomainName(\"Test\"); \n        repository.save(domain);  // \u2190 Actually saves to H2 database \n         \n        // Make REAL HTTP request \n        mockMvc.perform(get(\"/domain/list\")) \n            .andExpect(status().isOk()) \n            .andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\", hasSize(1))); \n    } \n} \n \nMockMvc Request Patterns \nGET Request  [Type here] \n \njava \nmockMvc.perform(get(\"/domain/list\")"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7f5e5e9a-ef02-407b-ba72-d1f173123430
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "java \nmockMvc.perform(get(\"/domain/list\") \n        .param(\"page\", \"0\") \n        .param(\"size\", \"10\") \n        .param(\"search\", \"test\") \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) \n    .andExpect(status().isOk()) \n    .andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\").isArray()); \nPOST Request \njava \nmockMvc.perform(post(\"/domain/create\") \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) \n        .content(jsonString)) \n    .andExpect(status().isCreated())"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ff4367cb-c746-41a0-8ba4-71b45c669407
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": ".andExpect(status().isCreated()) \n    .andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").value(\"false\")); \nPUT Request \njava \nmockMvc.perform(put(\"/domain/update\") \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) \n        .content(jsonString)) \n    .andExpect(status().isOk()); \nDELETE Request \njava \nmockMvc.perform(delete(\"/domain/delete/{id}\", domainId) \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) \n    .andExpect(status().isOk()); \n \n    Common JSON Path Expressions \njava \n// Check string value"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 172de703-a8c2-448a-a38a-ce084ed0fe25
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "java \n// Check string value \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").value(\"false\"))  [Type here] \n \n \n// Check boolean \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").value(false)) \n \n// Check number \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.totalElements\").value(10)) \n \n// Check array size \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\", hasSize(5))) \n \n// Check array exists \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\").isArray()) \n \n// Check nested value \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain[0].domainName\").value(\"Test\")) \n \n// Check exists"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:16:59
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 62667847-c520-4e29-a3d9-a3bcfd5d44ac
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "955", "lesson_id": "1235", "content_id": "1795", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "// Check exists \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.message\").exists()) \n \n// Check doesn't exist \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").doesNotExist()) \n \n// Check not null \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\").isNotEmpty())"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c6c7d1a2-0992-48b9-907c-262eabf5c802
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "[Type here] \n \nTypes of Test Cases: \n \nUnit Testing \nUnit testing verifies a single function or method in isolation to ensure it works correctly. \n  Example: Testing one function\u2019s logic without database, API, or UI. \n \nIntegration Testing \nIntegration testing verifies multiple functions or modules working together, where one function may call another \nfunction or interact with external components like a database."}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: bb66e8f0-c69b-44c6-9892-b6ae3670deb0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Example: Testing a function that internally calls another function and processes combined results. \n \nFunctional Testing \nFunctional testing verifies the complete feature or page behavior, ensuring the system performs as expected from \nthe user\u2019s perspective. \n  Example: Testing a full page or API endpoint that processes user input and returns output. \n \n \nSpringBoot Test Cases: \n \nReferences (BEST LEARNING LINKS) \n     Official Docs \n   Spring Boot Testing"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4e552b43-683d-45c1-b04e-99179df4bdfd
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Official Docs \n   Spring Boot Testing \nhttps://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/features.html#features.testing \n     Baeldung (Highly Recommended) \n   Controller Testing \nhttps://www.baeldung.com/spring-boot-testing \n   MockMvc \nhttps://www.baeldung.com/spring-mvc-test-examples \n          YouTube (Easy) \n\u2022 Search: \u201cSpring Boot MockMvc tutorial\u201d \n\u2022 Channel: Java Brains / Amigoscode \nRecommended Approach for LMS Project  [Type here] \n \nLayer Testing Tool Notes"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: b1595cde-23d5-4819-a913-bb134ee090fc
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Layer Testing Tool Notes \nController / API MockMvc Fast, mock dependencies \nService JUnit + Mockito Test business logic without HTTP \nRepository @DataJpaTest Test DB queries with H2 \nFull App Flow @SpringBootTest End-to-end integration \n \nUnit Test Cases \n \n\u2554\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2557 \n\u2551                    CONTROLLER TESTING QUICK REFERENCE                        \u2551 \n\u255a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
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id: 62cd96b9-7e15-4bbe-b253-e636c8da69ba
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u255d \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 1. TEST CLASS SETUP                                                          \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)  \u2190 Add this to every test class \nclass YourControllerTest { \n     \n    @Mock                                \u2190 Fake version of dependency \n    private YourService service;"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 178e5e55-ec00-4921-ae3a-fb85e2200043
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "private YourService service; \n     \n    @InjectMocks                         \u2190 Real controller with fake dependencies \n    private YourController controller; \n     \n    @Test                                \u2190 This marks a test method \n    void testSomething() { } \n} \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 2. THE AAA PATTERN (Use in Every Test)                                      \u2502  [Type here]"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 457f60f2-2eb9-4415-bac7-07bb099cfc84
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n@Test \nvoid testMethod_Success() { \n     \n    // ===== ARRANGE ===== (Set up) \n    when(service.getData()).thenReturn(data); \n     \n    // ===== ACT ===== (Execute) \n    ResponseEntity<?> response = controller.method(); \n     \n    // ===== ASSERT ===== (Check) \n    assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, response.getStatusCode()); \n     \n    // ===== VERIFY ===== (Confirm method calls)"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 4a1a2bd7-f96c-4a74-a76a-db477bd80bb0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "// ===== VERIFY ===== (Confirm method calls) \n    verify(service, times(1)).getData(); \n} \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 3. MOCKITO PATTERNS                                                          \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 20d5fbac-029d-4a99-9885-03d85314e524
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 Pattern                     \u2502 When to Use                                  \u2502 \n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524 \n\u2502 when().thenReturn()         \u2502 Method returns a value                       \u2502 \n\u2502 when().thenThrow()          \u2502 Method throws exception                      \u2502 \n\u2502 doNothing().when()          \u2502 Method returns void                          \u2502 \n\u2502 any()                       \u2502 Any argument of any type                     \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 889d8175-9e71-4571-b0a8-f41cc544c9f3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 anyLong()                   \u2502 Any Long argument                            \u2502 \n\u2502 anyString()                 \u2502 Any String argument                          \u2502  [Type here] \n \n\u2502 eq(value)                   \u2502 Specific value (with any())                  \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nExamples: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0f434285-7493-46f9-b5db-ab73e4777b2d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 when(service.findById(1L)).thenReturn(user);                                 \u2502 \n\u2502 when(service.findById(any())).thenReturn(user);                              \u2502 \n\u2502 when(service.save(any())).thenThrow(new RuntimeException());                 \u2502 \n\u2502 doNothing().when(service).delete(1L);                                        \u2502 \n\u2502 when(service.update(eq(1L), any())).thenReturn(updated);                     \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 386f8dda-4c06-47cc-af2c-e915663258b3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 4. COMMON ASSERTIONS                                                         \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 Assertion                           \u2502 What it Checks                         \u2502 \n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 923c0eb8-f5aa-46bb-b204-53d7cef31498
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 assertEquals(expected, actual)      \u2502 Two values are equal                   \u2502 \n\u2502 assertNotNull(object)               \u2502 Object is not null                     \u2502 \n\u2502 assertTrue(condition)               \u2502 Condition is true                      \u2502 \n\u2502 assertFalse(condition)              \u2502 Condition is false                     \u2502 \n\u2502 assertThrows(Exception.class, ...)  \u2502 Code throws exception                  \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 1e0d02be-164c-49a2-910e-11e85008c6b3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Examples: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, response.getStatusCode());                       \u2502 \n\u2502 assertNotNull(response.getBody());                                           \u2502 \n\u2502 assertEquals(\"John\", user.getName());                                        \u2502  [Type here] \n \n\u2502 assertTrue(list.isEmpty());                                                  \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f221d219-f3c0-4fad-9fd8-9ec23a16708d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 5. VERIFY METHOD CALLS                                                       \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 verify(service, times(1)).method();     \u2190 Called exactly once                \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 1aa228fc-f6b4-4801-af69-74afe4c931ed
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 verify(service, times(2)).method();     \u2190 Called exactly twice               \u2502 \n\u2502 verify(service, never()).method();      \u2190 Never called                       \u2502 \n\u2502 verify(service, atLeast(1)).method();   \u2190 Called at least once               \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 6. TEST SCENARIOS (Write These for Every Method)                            \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ec5fdfdc-c23c-4eb4-a012-7851d9454168
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nFor a GET method: \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_Success          (Returns 200 OK with data) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_NotFound         (Returns 404 when not found) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_Error            (Returns 500 on exception) \n\u2514\u2500\u2500    testGetMethod_EmptyData        (Returns 200 with empty list) \n \nFor a POST method: \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_Success         (Returns 201 CREATED)"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 22e0c0b0-ad36-4c9f-abab-60f8ba030467
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u251c\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_BadRequest      (Returns 400 for invalid data) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_Error           (Returns 500 on exception) \n\u2514\u2500\u2500    testPostMethod_Duplicate       (Returns 409 if already exists) \n \nFor a DELETE method:  [Type here] \n \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testDeleteMethod_Success       (Returns 200 OK) \n\u251c\u2500\u2500    testDeleteMethod_NotFound      (Returns 404) \n\u2514\u2500\u2500    testDeleteMethod_Error         (Returns 500 on exception)"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 9d7c5e63-e2da-46b7-8c3d-9e3312b0b531
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 7. RUNNING TESTS                                                             \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nCommand Line: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 mvn test                              \u2190 Run all tests                        \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 033c4877-e3b7-4e33-b628-a9cf55027e2c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 mvn test -Dtest=YourControllerTest    \u2190 Run specific test class             \u2502 \n\u2502 mvn test -Dtest=YourControllerTest#testMethod  \u2190 Run specific test method   \u2502 \n\u2502 mvn clean test jacoco:report          \u2190 Run with coverage report            \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nIDE: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 Right-click test file \u2192 Run 'YourControllerTest'                            \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 27339331-3bff-4604-afe7-d991fa3a156a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502 Right-click test method \u2192 Run 'testMethod'                                  \u2502 \n\u2502 Click green play button next to test                                        \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 8. TEST NAMING CONVENTION                                                    \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: bc4aaa5a-01b6-4706-8f5c-dd85bce8cce9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Format: test[MethodName]_[Scenario] \n \nExamples: \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testGetUser_Success  [Type here] \n \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testGetUser_NotFound \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testGetUser_Error \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testCreateUser_Success \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testCreateUser_ValidationError \n\u251c\u2500\u2500 testDeleteUser_Success \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 testDeleteUser_NotFound \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 9. COMPLETE EXAMPLE                                                          \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: c55915b3-7e52-4db9-99e4-a52feeb6b45b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nController: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 @GetMapping(\"/user/{id}\")                                                    \u2502 \n\u2502 public ResponseEntity<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {                \u2502 \n\u2502     User user = userService.findById(id);                                   \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 8b4b5ab5-dadd-4646-ade5-e8b1db615b8f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502     return ResponseEntity.ok(user);                                         \u2502 \n\u2502 }                                                                            \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \nTest: \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)                                         \u2502 \n\u2502 class UserControllerTest {                                                  \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 216c74df-2101-4625-a3f4-9f82d7314044
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502     @Mock                                                                    \u2502 \n\u2502     private UserService userService;                                        \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502     @InjectMocks                                                             \u2502 \n\u2502     private UserController userController;                                  \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 1d2fe4b7-7168-49c5-bd71-930620fa1983
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502                                                                              \u2502  [Type here] \n \n\u2502     @Test                                                                    \u2502 \n\u2502     void testGetUser_Success() {                                            \u2502 \n\u2502         // ARRANGE                                                           \u2502 \n\u2502         Long userId = 1L;                                                    \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ada9a2bc-83da-4153-8d57-1281fb01f52b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502         User expectedUser = new User(1L, \"John\");                           \u2502 \n\u2502         when(userService.findById(userId)).thenReturn(expectedUser);        \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502         // ACT                                                               \u2502 \n\u2502         ResponseEntity<User> response = userController.getUser(userId);     \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 1bf6d7a4-294d-42e0-9988-c357f3bcb568
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502         // ASSERT                                                            \u2502 \n\u2502         assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, response.getStatusCode());              \u2502 \n\u2502         assertEquals(\"John\", response.getBody().getName());                 \u2502 \n\u2502                                                                              \u2502 \n\u2502         // VERIFY                                                            \u2502 \n\u2502         verify(userService, times(1)).findById(userId);                     \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: f8286c73-0673-4190-a3cd-aa639944238e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2502     }                                                                        \u2502 \n\u2502 }                                                                            \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 10. TROUBLESHOOTING                                                          \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 45e8b794-bfa9-403c-9a6b-24dfb921707f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Problem: Mocks don't work \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Add @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) \n \nProblem: NullPointerException in test \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Did you mock the return value? when(service.method()).thenReturn(...) \n \nProblem: Test fails with \"wanted but not invoked\"  [Type here] \n \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Check if method name and parameters match exactly \n \nProblem: Wrong number of invocations \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: Check verify() count matches actual method calls \n \nProblem: Can't use eq() and any() together"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: ff101d19-83f4-44c5-a4c9-9f97919bddab
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Problem: Can't use eq() and any() together \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Solution: If you use any() for one parameter, use eq() for specific values \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 11. CHECKLIST BEFORE SUBMITTING TESTS                                       \u2502 \n\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n\u25a1 Test class has @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) \n\u25a1 All dependencies are mocked with @Mock"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 0ddc2678-0c95-4fe7-9149-b9657560c25e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u25a1 All dependencies are mocked with @Mock \n\u25a1 Controller has @InjectMocks \n\u25a1 Success test case written \n\u25a1 Error test case written \n\u25a1 Edge cases covered \n\u25a1 All tests use AAA pattern \n\u25a1 Tests have descriptive names \n\u25a1 verify() statements added where needed \n\u25a1 All tests pass: mvn test \n\u25a1 No System.out.println() in tests \n \n\u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 \n\u2502 12. REMEMBER                                                                 \u2502"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: cf35317e-b0ac-43e5-8466-64fefed74d80
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 \n \n       One test = One scenario \n          AAA Pattern = Arrange, Act, Assert \n   Mock = Fake object  [Type here] \n \n   Verify = Check method was called \n    Test success AND failure scenarios \n        Start simple, add complexity gradually \n \nIntegration Test cases: \n \nFile Placement \n1. Test Class \nsrc/test/java/com/britanica/pbl/controller/ \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 DomainControllerIntegrationTest.java \n2. Test Configuration"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: aaac6850-6005-472c-98d6-7d1d0a2c1d4e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "2. Test Configuration \nsrc/test/resources/ \n\u2514\u2500\u2500 application-test.properties \n \nStep 1: Add H2 Database Dependency \nAdd to your pom.xml: \n    <!-- H2 Database for Testing --> \n    <dependency> \n        <groupId>com.h2database</groupId> \n        <artifactId>h2</artifactId> \n        <scope>test</scope> \n    </dependency> \n \nRun All Integration Tests \nmvn test -Dtest=DomainControllerIntegrationTest \n \nSample Example: \n  [Type here] \n \n@SpringBootTest                 // \u2190 Loads full Spring context"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 02bc2f6f-9841-423e-aa08-54f11d78e609
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "@AutoConfigureMockMvc          // \u2190 Provides MockMvc for HTTP testing \n@Transactional                 // \u2190 Rollback after each test \nclass DomainControllerIntegrationTest { \n     \n    @Autowired \n    private MockMvc mockMvc;            // \u2190 Simulates HTTP requests \n     \n    @Autowired \n    private DomainRepository repository; // \u2190 Real repository \n     \n    @Test \n    @WithMockUser(authorities = \"Admin\") // \u2190 Mock security \n    void testListDomains_Success() throws Exception {"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: e63f0eba-5865-4507-9df2-920e6b11dbc9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "// Insert REAL data into database \n        Domain domain = new Domain(); \n        domain.setDomainName(\"Test\"); \n        repository.save(domain);  // \u2190 Actually saves to H2 database \n         \n        // Make REAL HTTP request \n        mockMvc.perform(get(\"/domain/list\")) \n            .andExpect(status().isOk()) \n            .andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\", hasSize(1))); \n    } \n} \n \nMockMvc Request Patterns \nGET Request  [Type here] \n \njava \nmockMvc.perform(get(\"/domain/list\")"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: aef28b88-3549-440d-9c93-d69d7154268b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "java \nmockMvc.perform(get(\"/domain/list\") \n        .param(\"page\", \"0\") \n        .param(\"size\", \"10\") \n        .param(\"search\", \"test\") \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) \n    .andExpect(status().isOk()) \n    .andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\").isArray()); \nPOST Request \njava \nmockMvc.perform(post(\"/domain/create\") \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) \n        .content(jsonString)) \n    .andExpect(status().isCreated())"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 8ac0a993-69f2-48c5-b4f5-6ab5ca3e8057
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": ".andExpect(status().isCreated()) \n    .andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").value(\"false\")); \nPUT Request \njava \nmockMvc.perform(put(\"/domain/update\") \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) \n        .content(jsonString)) \n    .andExpect(status().isOk()); \nDELETE Request \njava \nmockMvc.perform(delete(\"/domain/delete/{id}\", domainId) \n        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)) \n    .andExpect(status().isOk()); \n \n    Common JSON Path Expressions \njava \n// Check string value"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: 7ab41c39-7e86-4d4b-a9d1-b80d160eaf76
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "java \n// Check string value \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").value(\"false\"))  [Type here] \n \n \n// Check boolean \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").value(false)) \n \n// Check number \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.totalElements\").value(10)) \n \n// Check array size \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\", hasSize(5))) \n \n// Check array exists \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\").isArray()) \n \n// Check nested value \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain[0].domainName\").value(\"Test\")) \n \n// Check exists"}


created_at: 2026-04-13 10:18:00
topic: persistent://default/default/5214ff31-5ad7-4a44-9e68-162af58038c2
id: dabcc244-4730-4e91-8d01-d09dfc619d0a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "51", "course_id": "957", "lesson_id": "1237", "content_id": "1797", "file_name": "Types of Test Cases_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "// Check exists \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.message\").exists()) \n \n// Check doesn't exist \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.error\").doesNotExist()) \n \n// Check not null \n.andExpect(jsonPath(\"$.domain\").isNotEmpty())"}


