# embeddings_queue

created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b8f60169-6620-40a5-9412-f207fd1bd4f5
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "user's attention. \nIn the late 1980s, the sciences discovered scientific visualiza tion. It is \nused for data analysis to see patterns that either answer questions or that \npose new and unexpected questions. Scientific visualization requir es \ncompu ter animation, especially interactive animation, that can show the \nCartographic \nAnimation: \nPotential and \nResearch \nIssues \nDoris Karl \nTHE EEO FOR ANIMA TIO \nIN CARTOGRAPHY \nDoris Karl is a stude11t at the \nFreie Universitiit Berlin,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 70cdcccc-84a3-4813-b8e4-a47314075a61
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Freie Universitiit Berlin, \nFachricht1111g Knrtogrnplrie \nAmo-Hol:-Str.12, 0 -1000 \nBerlin 41  4 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nTHE EM Pf CASIS 0 . THE \nTRADITIONAL PRl TED MAP-\u00ad\nAN OBSTACLE TO CARTO\u00ad\nGRAPHIC ANIMA TTO.\\J \ndata set in many different ways. The static map does not have this \nflexibility in information display; it can show information only in one \n\\\u2022;ay, so it is not a suitable instrument. \nFinally, one should look at the map users of the future - the children of"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2340666a-1b5c-4d7c-957b-7b5b7c69e385
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "today. This young generation is often called \"the video generation\" because \nit has grown up with video and computer games. These children are more \naccustomed to the computer than most adults; the interactivity and dynamic \naspects of computer games are a matter of course for them. At some schools \ncomputers with interactive and dynamic programs are used as a didactic \ndevice lo rouse the students' interest. Jn this respect, cartographers have to"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e3315e5f-8af6-40eb-a547-0873ab73bb8c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ask if the traditional static map will be a good communication medium for \nthese future map users or whether we should look for alternati\\'e forms. \nAnimated map sequences that can be controlled interactively are an alterna\u00ad\ntive. \nIt seems that cartographic animation is more than a nice toy and should \nbe viewed as a powerful visualization tool for cartography that transcends \nthe potential of the printed map. In spite of this potential, computer"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ab61cc1d-1d2a-46a8-9d7a-a1a8bbd9ead5
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "animation has been neglected in cartography until recently. Two main \nreasons for the absence of animation in cartography will be discussed in \nthe following two sections. The first and most important reason is the \nfixation on the paper map; the second, resulting from the first, is the \nabsence of a complete and systematic approach to cartographic animation. \nThe traditional printed map is regarded by cartographers as an excellent"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fe82493c-2ba7-4e14-b4fc-55983d46dbbd
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "form of presentation. IL is considered to be a product that has ilttained near \nperfection in a long evolutionary process. Many representational methods \nand techniques have been developed for topographic and thematic maps \nwhich, in general, enable the creation of good maps. Also, the map user is \naccustomed to the printed map and presumably he wants to have a \"real\" \nmap, a paper map. Thus, one can say that the traditional printed map is a"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a8e629a7-da83-4cc2-8c00-6c117e5343a2
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "standard for both the mapmaker and the map user. 'ew techniques and \nmethods, such as the use of computers in cartography, are always compared \nwith and measured against the printed map and evaluated accordingly. This \nis perhaps especially true in Europe as Gillessen (1986, p.53), a German \ncartographer, states: \n\"Thi! t?xcellence of maps produced in Central Europe placL\"i high quality demands \non altern,1tive mapping \u2022.olutions and is therewith a standard of qua lit~ for all new"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 32e0013e-a593-484a-94fa-a66429f8ab6c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "de\\'Clopmcnh m c.utography. [ ... ]One would go so for as to sa\\ that the high \nstandard of cartographv in Central Europe has hampered the development and the \nwillingne-.s to accept the products of any new technology[ ... [ in cartography.\" \nThis c.1uote illustrates the extent of Lhe fixation on the printed map. As \na result of this thinking, other and perhaps better information displays \nare overlooked and the standard map is not placed in question."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e4218bc4-6196-4da8-847c-bf33d56c7bd4
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "If one asks why the traditional map is used as the standard, many \narguments are listed in its favor: \n- traditional maps are though to be more attractive than computer \ngenerated maps; \n- text, line and other symbols are though to be more \"alive\" on a tradi \u00ad\ntional map and not as artificial or synthetic in appearance; \n- it attracts the eye and keeps the map user's attention. \nAll these arguments are based on the aesthetic imp ression of a map."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b663e683-b3d9-4072-a183-e05860df535a
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "The exterior appearance is a very important criterion in its evaluation. \nThe importance of beauty in a map can also be found in a common \ndefinition of cartography as the art and science of map making. But, can \nthe aesthetic value of a map continue to be one of the most important  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 5 \ncriteria for judging the quality of a map? \"'vtaps are the carrier'> of informa\u00ad\ntion in the proces s of communication and should they not be e\\'aluated in"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 385ac54e-240b-4816-a790-1840ae210dee
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "this light as well? So the question to ask is whether the traditional map is \nreally the best presentation form. \nThe use of computers in cartography offers new forms of information \ndisplay. Howe, \u00b7er, because we are still fixated on the traditional map, we \noverlook this potential and use the computers predominantly to mimic \nmanual methods. \nIf one looks more closely at the application of computers in cartogra\u00ad\nphy, one sees that they have been extensively used to shorten time and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 16ae8de3-c0f6-4153-a9af-a4a5fc894071
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "work intensive tasks. Data processing and drafting have been automated \nand interactive computer systems now facilitate the map de!:iign process . \nLanguages like Post!:icript allow the direct transfer of maps between the \ndisplay and the image setter. The main efforts have been directed in \nmaking computer-created maps as good as the traditional map. \nThe fixation on the printed map ''\"'ithin computer cartography can be \nfurther demonstrated with regard to the German ATKIS project (Autho \u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dca9b196-b66a-48f8-94a9-e82e45d0c24e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "rized Topographic Cartographic Information System) that will contain the \ndata of the topographic maps of Germany in digital form. The purpose of \nATKJS is to make possible the digital production of topographic maps that \ncan be updated quickly and easily, and the creation of special purpose \nmaps of single topics. The maps that are generated from ATKIS are the \ntraditional paper maps. ew forms of information display are not a goal"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d98e0c73-5dcf-4a86-aa8f-f5beddb1ca9c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "of A TKlS. Harbeck (1989, p.98), one of the designers of A TKIS, states in \nthis context: \n\"Without doubt at the end of the digital topographi c mform,11ton sy .. tem tht.!re b the \ncartogrnph ic output the map. \\\\ hether this product i., on the compuh:r display or a \nprinted map depend., on the user. But surely it can be .,tah:d that th!.! color printed \nm,1p will continue to h.we its importance - perhaps en\u2022n gain in import,1nce as a \ncommud1t\\\""}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f9f3e8c4-3566-4c9a-a2c7-99ac19e28081
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "commud1t\\\" \nThe fixation on the traditional map and on paper as the primary output \nmedium is strongly present within cartography. Jf we do not overcome \nthis fixation , we may ignore new forms of information display and we \nmay not reali7e their potential. \nAs a result of the fixation on the printed map, other forms of information \ndisplay have been overlooked and too little research has been done in this \narea. This is true for cartographic animation ."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 16cfef2b-6195-4017-8351-86b1e4bc6cf3
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "area. This is true for cartographic animation . \nThe potential of animation for cartography was initially described by \nThrower (1961) and by Cornwell and Robinson (1966). l\\evertheless, only a \nsmall amount of work has been done in this field. In the 1970s, when \ncomputer animation became available, indi\\'idual cartographers used ani\u00ad\nmation predominantly to show spatial changes over time. The efforts were \nfocused on producing animated map sequences for special issues like the"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 23fb0660-8db0-4365-ac99-75b7c038142f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "grO\\vth of a city (Tobler 1970), traffic accidents (\\1oellering 1976), population \ngro\\.vth in urban regions (Rase 1974) and animation of three dimensional \nobjects (Moellering 1980). Most of the 1980s saw no further work in carto\u00ad\ngraphic animation. ot until the end of the 1980s was cartographic anima\u00ad\ntion rediscovered when cartographers realized the potential of animation for \nthe depiction and exploration of spatial and statistical relationships and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1908081a-eaf0-4160-990c-eefee6fa57d5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "patterns. Some authors again called attention to the potential of cartographic \nanimation (Campbell and Egbert1990),and a few new animation techniques \nwere suggested for the analysis of spatio-temporal data (Monmonier 1989 \nand 1990) and the study of geoscientific processes (OiBiase et. al. 1991). In \nTHE ABSENCE OF A COM\u00ad\nPREHE SIVE APPROACH U\\' \nCARTOGRAPl IlC A IMA\u00ad\nTlON-- ANOTHER OBSTACLE  6 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nREQUIRED RESEARCH"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8871e8d1-c376-44bf-9e47-c0a61bd46228
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "REQUIRED RESEARCH \naddition, a program for animating choropleth maps was created (MacChoro \nII 1989). \nAll these works employed the application of cartographic animation. \nMost of them exclusively deal with the reali7ation of an animated map \nsequence for one special issue. Only the later works pick up a more \ncommon and extensive attempt at the cartographic application of \nanimation. \nThese are important contributions, but they arc individual solutions to"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4f26bdb8-b283-499e-80fb-205cb76abae6
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "individual problems. A comprehensive and systematic approach to the \nuse of animation in cartography does not exist. Ytany essential issues \nhave not been examined. Therefore, basic kno'vvledge about design, \nperception and production of animated map sequences is not available. \nThere are no principles that tell cartographers hO\\'\\' to make and design \nanimated maps. Without extensive knowledge of the creation of animated"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b15d6467-f257-46cf-ab78-b909019d4c04
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "maps, cartographic animation cannot be applied widely and efficiently; it \ncan be used only sporadically because too many design issues will need to \nbe worked out for each single application. If the influence of animation in \ncartography is to increase, we must expand our knowledge about carto\u00ad\ngraphic animation and develop a comprehensive and systematic approach \nto it. This will require intensive research in different areas. \nFuture research in cartographic animation has to deal with a"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4c2f0103-a568-41cd-90e2-8d02ff98bf40
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "variety of questions. The following issues must be examined: \nDefinition of cartographic animation \nThe absence of a systematic approach to cartographic animation becomes \nparticularly evident when we arrive at the question: What is cartographic \nanimation? There docs not seem to be a consensus. Can animation be used \nonly for map sequences that depict changes over time, or can it also be used \nfor map sequences without a time element that show changes in the presen\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fb8c5ec5-2104-4742-908d-1a8f603fe1e3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tation form orcreatea map in a sequential form? Can animation be used only \nfor complex map c;,equences created by a special animation technique, or is a \nsimple \"slide show\" abo an animation? What are the characteristics of \nanimation and how can it be defined? This should be the first question to be \nexamined. \nCartographic applications \nMost of the work in cartographic animation has been done in this area. \nHowever, the issue has not been handled in its entirety. Further work"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4d6eefa8-0afa-4d2a-982d-f1f3b92bfd9e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "must investigate which other or new forms of animation are possible and \nwhether they are useful. For this we have to examine different map types \nand their possibilities for cartographic animation. Perhaps we \\vill find \nnew forms of animated maps. A great deal of experimentation must be \ndone within this issue. \nGraphic design of animated maps \nAnimated map sequences are different from the maps \\\\'e ordinarily use. \nThey are predominantly displayed ona CRT, are not static but dynamic, and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 955de247-292d-432b-b604-dd2eaf6b8da4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "are often shown very quickly. We must examine how such maps must be \ndesigned. Some research on the design of maps on the computer display \nalready exists and we can also look to television to find some ideas about the \nlayout of pictures and the use of color. The next question is: Must we consider \nthe dynamic aspect of map sequences when \\Ne symbolize single maps? For \nexample, how do weselectdifferentdensities in an animated choroplethrnap"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 51743d8a-ec1d-413f-a47c-b9cae212d9c4
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "sequence, or what about labeling isolines in an animated map? And finally, \nthere is the aspect of map complexity. In an animated map sequence the user  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartograplzic perspectives 7 \nwill see a single map for only a short time, so the map cannot be too complex. \nBut how complt.?'\\ can the map be? These issues must be tested. \nLegend design \nAnimated map sequences are different than static maps, therefore, the"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f3a7c8e0-962c-4b15-add5-f7acdac99ac7
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "legend, the explanation of a map, should be different in an animated map. \nHow must it be designed? Multimedia offer the possibility to combine \nanimation \u00b7with sound. Therefore, the legend can be an audio explanation. \nBut is an audio explanation sufficient for the complete understanding of \nthe animation, or must it be completed by a visual legend? If we need a \ngraphical legend, we have to think about the design. Surely, it would"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4c20d16f-851b-4616-985e-1f6e5f65eed0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "have to be a dynamic legend; ho\u00b7wever, it also must be readable for the \nuser. \nSpeed of animated sequences \nWe know that in computer animation 20-25 pictures ph second are \nrequired for the perception of a continuous movement or change. But we \ndo not know how fast an animated sequence created for the depiction of \nrelationships must be, so that the user can recognize the objects and \nrelationships of the map sequence. This is a problem especially for"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8581267c-0833-4c7a-b9fe-766bfbbed9f0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "animation on video because the sequences cannot be controlled by the \nuser and the speed cannot be changed. \nCreation and control of an animated map seq uence \nCartographic animation will become a widespread visualization tool only \nif the creation of animated map sequences is not too difficult. A user \ninterface that allows the user to produce animations easily has to be \ndesigned. For thb, useful cartographic animation functions such as"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5e797bb1-50e0-4e4e-a18e-fde1144eab6f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "changing the view-point or moving an object must be defined and ar\u00ad\nranged in menus. With these various animation operations, the user has \nthe potential to compose complex animation sequences. Ideas for this \nhave been suggested by Monmonier (1989). A second and very important \npoint is the interactivity of an animation. If animation is to be more than \njust a film, it must have the possibility of interaction. Animation systems"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 857b6680-faf0-4fa4-bfd1-e54480f322a3
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "should have the minimum ability to stop and restart the sequence and to \nchange the speed. The animation for graphical exploration of a data set \nmust have a \\'ar1ety of controlling functions. We have to think about the \nwhole range of interactions that cartographic animation requires. \nAnimation techniques \nWe also need more knowledge of the different animation techniques and \nfor what types of animation they work best. Our experience in this area is"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 66dd40cc-ad8a-4d51-9518-5089a4d41986
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "limited because only a few cartographic animations ha,\u00b7e been realized. \nGersmehl (1990) has examined this issue and describes nine animation \nmetaphors and their use. Further work should expand this subject. \nCartographic animation requires a variety of research on design, \ncreation, and use of animated map sequences. Because of the potential of \nanimation for cartography, more attention to research is required in this \nfield."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9702c712-4cda-4708-ba0b-4ccd700a6768
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "field. \nThe potential of computer animation has already been realized by differ\u00ad\nent disciplines. It can also be used for cartography as a powerful visual\u00ad\nization tool that transcends the potential of the printed map. With anima\u00ad\ntion, dynamic and interactive map sequences can be created that show \nchanges over time or can be used to depict or explore spatial and statisti\u00ad\ncal relationships. \nCO CLUSIO>J  8 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nREFERE. CES"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 980a6232-aef9-4988-a49f-31db29ca18af
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "REFERE. CES \ne\\'\\' approaches and methods in spatial sciences such as the strong \nemphasis on examining processes and correlations and the use of scientific \nvisualization require a more dynamic and user-oriented form of informa\u00ad\ntion display that is not possible ,,\u00b7ith the printed map. Also, the map users \nof the future, the children of today, who are more accustomed to interac\u00ad\ntive computers, will probably ask for more dynamic and interactive forms \nof information display."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fe81f9f3-29c6-4830-94a0-4aa978280ec1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "of information display. \nIn spite of the need for computer animation in cartography, it has been \nneglected until recently. There arc two main reasons for this. The first is \nthe fixation on the traditional printed map that is strongly present within \ncartography. As a result of this thinking, other and perhaps better forms \nof information display such as computer animation ha\\'e been overlooked. \nThe second reason is the absence of a comprehensive approach to carto\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0a5e87bf-a495-4022-8682-c1b35444a733
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "graphic animation. Because of the fixation on the traditional map, too \nlittle research has been done on cartographic animation. Only some \nresearch has dealt with the application of animation in cartography, and \nmany essential issues ha\\'e not been examined. Therefore, basic knowl\u00ad\nedge about design, perception and creation of animated map sequences is \nnot a\\\u00b7ailable. If the potential for animation in cartography is to be real\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 98d7ad4f-7694-4ed7-a894-f9ae24639354
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ized, we need a comprehensive and systematic approach to cartographic \nanimation. This\"' ill require intem.ive research focusing on the definition, \napplication, design, creation and control of animated map <>equences as \nwell as on animation techniques and their uses. \nCampbell, C. S. and Egbert, S. L. 1990. Animated cartography: thirty \nyears of scratching the surface. Cartogmphicn. 27 (2):24-46. \nCornwell, B. and Robinson, A. 1966. Possibilities for computer ani\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 25828787-79e9-4eb9-a053-9b6c6864cfec
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "mated films in cartography. Cartographic foumal. 3(2):79-82. \nDiBiase, D., MacEachren, A. M., Krygier, J., Reeves, C. and \nBrenner A. 1991. Animated cartographic visualization in earth \nsystem science. Proceedi11gs of the 15th !CA Co11fem1ce, \nBornemouth:223-232. \nGersmehl, P. 1990. Choosing tools: 'ine metaphors for map \nanimation. Cartographic Perspectrues. 5(Spring):3-17. \nGillessen, W. 1986. Automatische Herstellung von Schummerung und"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4c0c4b3b-8cc8-4f7f-acdf-1e98fc326e10
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "deren Nutzen flir die Umweltplammg. Digita/e Tec/1110/ogie in der \nKartograpltie. Wiener Symposium 1986:52-62. \nHarbeck, R. 1989. Digitale und analoge Technologien in der \ntopographischen Landeskartographie. Wiener Schrifft\u202211 :11r \nGeographic 1111d Knrtogmphie. 2:89-100. \nMoellering, H. 1976. The potential uses of computer animated film in the \nanalysis of geographical patterns of traffic crashes. Accide11t A11alysis a11d \nPrez\u2022ention. 8:215-227."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4339567d-ecb8-49a1-b2af-0b3537a58caa
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Prez\u2022ention. 8:215-227. \nMoellering, H. 1980. The real time animation of three-dimensional \nmaps. The A111crica11 Cartographer. 7:67-75.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 9 \nMon monier, M. 1989. Graphic scripts for the sequenced visualization of \ngeographic data. Proceedings of GJS/Ll5'89:381-389. \nMomnonier, M. 1990. Strategies for the visualization of geographic time\u00ad\nseries data. Cartogrnphicn. 27(1):30 -45. \nMacChoro II with Map Animation. 1989. Omaha, NE: Image"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: aef3eadb-8ed6-4b2b-a8ec-6e925d21933e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Mapping Systems. \nRase, W. D. 1974. Kartographische Darstellung Dynamischer \nVorgange in computergenerierten Filmen. Kartogrnphische \nNac/1ricl1te11. 6,:210-215. \nThrower, N. 1961. Animated cartography in the United States. l11tema\u00ad\ntio11a/ Year/look of Cartography. 1:20-29. \nTobler, W. 1970. A computer movie simulating urban growth in the \nDetroit region. Eco110111ic Geography. 46:234-240. \nEl potencial de animaci6n par computadoras ha sido descubierto en muchas"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2fe6f294-08e0-48fd-b791-b26f2facb933
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "disciplinas diferentes. La animaci6n es tambien un instrumento de \nvisualizacion poderoso para la cartograffa; sin embargo, hasta hace poco es ta \nha sido descuidada. Este articu lo descr ibe la necesidad de la animaci6 n en la \ncartograffa a raiz de las nuevosenfoques y metodos tan to en las cienciascomo \nen la sociedad. Se discuten dos razones principales que causan la falta de \nanimaci6n en la cartografia: la fijaci6n en el ma pa impreso y la ausencia de un"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9a5038e6-afac-40b6-9536-12c3b485dad2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "enfoquecomprensi\\'O hacia la animaci6n cartografica. Finalmente,se propane \nuna variedad de temas para mas investigaci6n. \nRESUME~  10 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nAlan M. MacEachren \nAln11 M. MncEnchre11 is n \nProfe:;sor i11 the Department of \nGcogrnphy, 302 Wn/ka B11ildi11g, The \nPc1111sylm11in Stntc U11hicrsity, \nU111per-.1ftf Pnrk, PA 16802. \nc-mnil: \\JYB'a PSUVM.PSU.EOU \nWhen n GJS is used to compile, \nnnalyz.e, nnd display infor111n\u00ad\ntio11, the chance for 111zaccept\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 608ccf20-a64c-4158-a5ef-7e7c2cb6d137
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tio11, the chance for 111zaccept\u00ad\nable or variable data quality is \nhigh due to the merging of \n11111/tiple data layers. \nVisualizing Uncertain Information \nWhen a GJS is used to drive map-based visualization, exploration of \npotential relationships takes precedence over presentation of facts. In \nthese early stages of scientific analysis or policy formulation, providing \na way for analysts to assess uncertainty in the data they are exploring is"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 86c844d9-e627-4285-a10a-2dc71b805cd9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "critical to the perspectives they form and the approaches they decide to \npursue. As a basis from which to develop methods for visualizing \nuncertain information , this paper addresses the difference between data \nquality and uncertainty , the application of Berlin's graphic variables to \nthe representation of uncertainty, conceptual models of spatial uncer\u00ad\ntainty as they relate to kinds of cartographic symbolization, and catego\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 339d0fe2-ba23-4528-9cba-430198cd2b3c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ries of user interfaces suited to presenting data and uncertainty about \nthat data. Also touched on is the issue of how we might evaluate our \nattempts to depict uncertain information on maps. \nU ncertainty i<. a critical issue in geograp hic \\'isualization due to the \ntende ncy of most people to treat both maps and computers as \nsomehow less fallible than the human s who make deci!>ions based on \nthem. When a G!S is uc;ed to compile, analy;'e, and disp lay information,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 40b1454d-af44-48b5-97ef-d140dba6543a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "the chance for una cceptab le or variable data qualit y is high due to the \nmerging of multiple data layers. Together with these data quality issues, \nthe flexibility of data manipulation that makes GIS so powerful can lead to \nconsiderable uncertainty in map displays produced at various stages of \nG!S ana lysi .... This paper addresses a variety of conceptua l issues underly\u00ad\ning de\\'elopment of \\'i<;ualization tools that a llow analyo.,t<; to take this"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 357df9af-3160-4ac6-87ec-99b39acbcf9c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "uncertainty into account in their research and policy formulation acti,\u00b7i\u00ad\nties. \nThere io., a o.,trong tradition in cartography of attention to data quality. \nOnly rudimentary steps, however, have been mad e thu s far to deal \\\u00b7\\'ith \nthe comple x issues of \\'isualizing data quality for multidimensional data \ndisplays used in image analysis and GIS application<;. The importance of \nthis topic is evidenced by the decision of the Nationa l Cen ter for Geo\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 109f3d8a-c994-478f-8dc3-c8f3f27f78cc
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "gra phic Information and Analysis(. CGIA) to make visualiza tion of data \nquality the first visualization initiati ve undertak en by the center. \nKate Beard and Barbara Buttenfield (1991 ), presenting the CGIA \nposition, indicate that quality of spatia l information \"rela tes to accuracy, \nerro r, consistency, and reliability.\" These aspects of quality are meant to \napply to more than locatio nal verity. It is usefu l to begin considera tion of"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1a64037c-a450-4358-929a-c6f277c44998
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "qua!it\\ i<.sues with the framework of the Proposed Digital Cartographic \nData Standard (Vloellerin g, et. al., 1988), incorporating locational accu-\nt Thl' idl'.1s prescntl'<.i here were -.tJmulatL'<i by an im it.1tion to p.1rliLip.1tl' in the \\.ational \nCcntt\u00b7r tor Gl\u00b7o~r.1ph11: Information and Analy~is SpL'<:i.1list'-. \\kt\u2022tm~ on V1su,11i/ation of \nData Qu,1lity, lmll,1ti\\ c 7. The p.1~r beg.in ,1-. a \"worJ..mg p.1pL\u00b7r\u00b7\u00b7 (Visti.1li/ation of Data"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f1a08f9c-f7a2-4d21-84b2-2746a7f09f01
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Unlcrt.1mt}: Rt\u2022pre-.l\u00b7ntation.111-.sue~) th,1t w,i-. cin:ul,1tl>d onlv to the 25 particip.1nts of the \nmcl'tmg. The p.1p<.'r pr .. \u00b7-.cntt\u2022d hen\u2022\u2022\" a rl'\\'iswn ,rnd l''\\p,111,ion of th.1t worJ.. in ~ p.1pcr \nthat bt.>nt.>htt.>d from n~.iction of other participant-. to tlw initial idt.>.1-. a-. well .is from \ndiscussion on rL\u2022latL'd issul>s r,w.cd during thl' llll'l'ting. I gra tl'lully .Kknowll>dge the \ninvitation and tr.wet support provided bv the 1'.CGI I\\ through tlwir 1\\a tiona l Science"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 890e8f5d-a9de-4552-87e5-f755268d689f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Foundat ion Cr.int# 5F.5-lll'-1U917.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 11 \nracy, attribute accuracy , logical consistency (i.e., a data structure whose \ntopology makes sense), completeness (comprehensive data and systematic \nways of dealing with missing values) and finally lineage. \nThe above quality categories are important, but to use a GIS effectively \nfor either scientific inquiry or policy formulation, the scope must be"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 125ecd72-9926-4e2f-b74d-d1c9a714b1b5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "broadened. In risk assessment circles, the term uncertainty has gained \nsome acceptance and I suggest that we might be better off if we follow \ntheir lead (Morgan and Henrion, 1990; Rejeski and Kapuscinski, 1990). \nAnalysts never know the precise amount of error in any particular data \nobject - otherwise they '\"'ould correct the error. They are more or less \nuncertain about the available characterization of particular data objects."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 73e2bb35-050f-431a-8e02-7d917f4c078e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "From this perspecti\\ 'e alone, the term uncertainty might be a better \ndescription of what the NCGIA (and many past cartographers) ha,\u00b7e been \ncalling quality. In addition, however, uncertainty includes something of \nimportance beyond the narrow definition of quality that the CGIA \ninitiative seems to be directed toward. A brief example will illustrate the \ndifference between a focus on quality and on uncertainty and why it is the \nlatter that should guide our efforts."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: afdbe390-3709-4c4c-baaa-2b5ab0241632
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "latter that should guide our efforts. \nImagine a single census block in a city. You have sent an enumerator \nout to lake the census. In this particular case, the response rate is 90%. In \ndata quality terms , we might say that our population and income informa\u00ad\ntion for this block is of less than perfect quality because of the lack of \n\"completeness\" in the data. Further, there may be \"attribute inaccuracy\" \nin the data collected due to misunderstanding of the survey questions or"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a5d76294-98e6-4a3f-bbc3-44365a612fb7
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "deliberate misinformation about items such as income or education, or \n\"spatial inaccuracy\" due to address coding errors by the census enumera\u00ad\ntor. If, in the adjacent census block we somehow achieved 100o/c participa\u00ad\ntion in the census, everyone understood the questions and gave truthful \nresponses, and the enumerator made no mistakes, a dnta quality assess\u00ad\nment would label that unit's data as perfect. What we will be leaving out"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1dd1fddf-dab7-45bc-abea-d6c81a493463
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "of this assessment is the issue of variability (over both space and time and \nwithin categories). This latter point is made quite forcefully by Langford \nand Unwin (1991) who argue that, for the mapping of most socio-eco\u00ad\nnomic phenomena, a choropleth map of aggregated data for enumeration \nunits is \"a poor choice\" due to extreme within-unit variability that is the \nrule rather than the exception. \nln addition to ,\u00b7ariability due to spatial aggregation, attribute aggrega\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 72363373-e058-4367-879f-f87240bb652a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tion add ... additional variability, and therefore, uncertainty. All data are \ncategori?ed. Even when individual measurements are retained in the \ndatabase, categories will be implicitly defined by the mathematical \nprecision of individual measurements. For example, temperatures might \nbe measured to the nearest degree. Most data in a GlS, however, will be \ngrouped into much broader categories (e.g., soil classifications, income"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 35494404-76f4-45ce-9a99-04201a807965
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "brackets, whether a house has indoor plumbing or not, etc.). In all of these \ncases, the categorization introduces uncertainty even when the data are of \nhigh quality. \nWe can only be certain that a particular location - a particular data \nobject - fits somewhere \\.Vithin the attribute bounds of the categories and \nthe spatial bounds of the enumeration unit to which it is aggregated. The \naggregate totals for our census blocks disguise the variability within those"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ed42beca-8018-4291-b990-d0b2db0884c3
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "census blocks. Our level of uncertainty about map locations will be a \nfunction not only of the quality of values (as defined above), but of \nvariance around the mean values we typically use to represent the unit, \nand of spatial variability across the unit. \nIn addition to spatial and attribute data quality and variability, a final \nuncertainty to be dealt with is temporal. The data, even if accurate and \nWe can only be certain that a \nparticular locatio11 - a particu\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 85fac5f5-5566-4bb7-8cc6-0b9b954e7814
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "particular locatio11 - a particu\u00ad\nlar data object-fits some\u00ad\nwhere \u00b7within tlze attribute \nbo!lnds of the categories and the \nspatial bou11ds of the enumera\u00ad\ntion 1111it to \u00b7which it is aggre\u00ad\ngated.  12 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nc \n0 \n'1l \nu \n0 \n.....J \n\"' ~ :; \n.!::; \nCJ \nE \ni= \nAccuracy \nposition oi \nvegetation \nboundaries \ntotal HIV \npositive \ncases/county \ndate of the \nlast glacier \nPrecision \nstate birth \nrate \nsoil order \nmean \nmonthly \nrainfall"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f0b12e0f-cced-49f7-af9d-e5057a33f40f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "rate \nsoil order \nmean \nmonthly \nrainfall \nFsure 1: E.\\11111/'b llf li\u2022pic' J\u2022>r irhic/1 \n/ocnthm11/, 11ttril>t1t1 .1111d l1'111/>0rt1/ ncrnrail( 1111d \ncntegorirnl J1rt'ci'11111 Cllllfr1/1111t\u2022 to 1111u\u00b7rt11i11ty. \nREPRESE TATIO. AL ISSUES \nhomogeneous, represent a snapshot at one point in time. Our uncertainty \nabout their veracity will increase due to uncertainty about temporal \ninformation, resolution with \\\\rhich that temporal information is specified,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 09aee2cf-5b6a-4994-bac5-2626e3f41879
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "and the difference in time between data collection and data use. The \ntemporally induced uncertainty will vary with the kind of phenomena \nbeing represented. \nWhen we use a GIS, the important issue is the quality of the decisions \nwe make - about a research course to follow, an urban development \npolicy to impose , or an environmental regulation to enforce. Whether we \nuse the term data quality or data uncertainty matters less than whether the"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 750fbcda-3772-4517-aad1-c9fba49e0e60
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tool we give the GJS user is adequate for deciding how much faith to put \nin any particular piece of information extracted from the database. \nWe can have highly accurate data while still having imprcrne data. This \nlack of precision is at least as important an issue as a lack of accuracy. \nPrecision here refers, not only to the specificity of data values in terms of \nsignificant digits , but in a more general sense to \"the degree of refinement"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a7c48626-aab4-455c-967d-21633c598964
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\\\u00b7vith which an operation is performed or a measurement taken\" (Weli:.ter'.;; \nN<:w Collegwte Dicticman1, 1974). In this sense it is an assessment of the \nresolution of categories by which a phenomenon is represented (i.e., \ncategorical precision). Although, mathematically, a population density of \n165.3-1 persons / sq. mi. would be considered precise, spatially it is not if \nthat county is 1000 sq. mi. in size. Abo, the map representation of the"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8f325bc8-a681-4fd9-9b52-9a4f9de4f3a0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "attribute (population density) becomes categorically imprecise when the \ndata are aggregated into an attribute category ranging from 50-500 per\u00ad\nsons/ sq. mi. Figure 1 provides examples of topics for which map uncer\u00ad\ntainty is due primarily to accuracy or categorical precision. \nAs has been pointed out elsewhere , the term r\u00b7i~11ali:ntio11 has a number of \ndefinitions (MacEachren and Ganter, 1990; \\itacEachren, et. al., 1992)."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4c2be647-82db-46c3-8465-0420062d4976
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Here it will be considered a human ability to develop mental image, \n(often of relationships that have no visible form) together \u00b7with the use of \ntools that can facilitate and augment this ability. Successful visualization \ntools allo\"v our visual and cognitive processes to almost automatically \nfocus on the patterns depicted rather than on mentally generating those \npatterns. \nFollowing from the above conception of visualization, a research"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 099425fd-a9a2-4bbc-b462-42a8bf0bfa5f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "agenda to address visualizing uncertain information should include \nattention to the cognitive issues of what it means to understand attribute, \nspatial, and temporal uncertainty and the implications of this understand\u00ad\ning for decision making and for symbolizing and categorizing uncertainty. \nAt the most basic level, uncertainty can be divided into two components \nthat might require different visualization strategies: \\'isualizing accuracy"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8bb307e1-5509-48d7-9b9d-280d0c993a66
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "and visualizing precision. In addition, attention should be directed toward \nthe methodological, technical, and ergonomic issue:; of generating dis\u00ad\nplays and creating interfaces that work. It is, of course, also essential to \ndevelop methods for assessing and measuring uncertainty before we can \nrepresent it. This latter topic, howe\\'er , will not be addressed here. \nVaried goals and needs - categories of interaction with data"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e5baff5a-bb46-4217-9c0e-b51945ac4e12
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "If we continue to attack cartographic questions with our communication \nmodel \\'isors on, \\.Ve will fail to take advantage of the power that GIS and \nvisualization tools provide. The search for the \"optimal\" data quality \nvisualization tool might prove as fruitless as the search for the optimal \ngraduated circle map. lt is critical to recogni ze that GIS and visualization \ntools attached to them are used for a range of problem types that may"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 65fbb3ac-2f8c-4b83-ada7-ab3eef8f692a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "have quite different visualization needs in general, and visualization  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 13 \nquality needs specifically. David \nDiBiasc (1990) recently developed \na graphic model of the range of \nuses to which graphics might be \nput in scientific research (fig. 2). I \nbelieve that his basic model is \nrelevant, not only to science, but to \napplied spa tial decision making \nwith a GIS. \nAs we begin to consider the \nvisualization of w1certainty , we"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 03d206ad-7ab6-4271-b924-5afbdd7fe7cc
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "visualization of w1certainty , we \nneed to be cognizant of this range \nof visualization goals and environ\u00ad\nments and the varying information \nrequirement s it implies. The kind \nof uncertainty and the tools used \nto visualize it are likely to vary \nacross this range, from the use of \nGIS by an EPA scientist exploring \nthe spatial distribution of a pollut\u00ad\nant to the use of GIS driven map \ndisplays by policy makers trying to \ndecide which industrie s to add to"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4a9bc304-0749-4ae5-aa66-fd0a63192ff0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "decide which industrie s to add to \nthe list of those regulated for toxic \nwaste emission. \nGraphics variables \nBecause few GIS users are trained in cartographic symbolization and \ndesign, it will be necessary to create expert systems that logically translate \ninformation into graphic displays. Jacques Bertin, the French cartogra\u00ad\npher I graphic theorist , has had a tremendous impact on our approach to \nthis problem. The Robinson et. al., text (1984) that is used by 50% of"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 639a1b67-3f95-483d-a45c-b1f3fc70c42f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "introductory cartography courses in the country (Fryman, 1990) cites \nBertin's basic system of graphic variables (location , size, value, texture , \ncolor, orientation, and shape) as the fundamental units we can use to build \na map image. Monrnonier and Johnson 's (1990) recent guide to map \ndesign for environmental GIS also presents Bertin's system as an impor\u00ad\ntant organizing concept for well-designed maps. Weibel and Buttenfield"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1f10c5b2-5689-4528-ae94-b231b3639493
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "(1988), in a paper on map design for GIS, and Muller and Zeshen (1990), in \na paper on expert systems for map design, accept this sys tem as a base to \nbuild from in designing expert systems for map symbolization. \nAn important representation issue for visualization of uncertainty, \ntherefore , is how Bertin's graphic variables (with possible additions or \nmodifications) might be logically matched with different kinds of data"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: aa7d0625-bf27-4b0f-8bbd-d99b422a26ac
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "uncertainty. A critical distinction , of course, is that between ordered and \ndifferential graphic variables which can be logically associated with \nordered/numerical and nominal/categorical differences among phenom\u00ad\nena. Of Bertin's original graphic variables, size and value are most appro\u00ad\npriate for depicting uncertainty in numerical information, while color \n(hue), shape, and perhaps orientation can be used for uncertainty in"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4d9217a2-322f-4927-aa78-33c2d57e45d3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "nominal information. Texture, although it has an order, might work best \nin a binary classification of \"certain enough\" and \"not certain enough\" \nthat cou ld be used for either nominal or numerical data. \nAlthough Bertin ignored it, the graphic variable that is arguably the \nmost logical one to use for depicting uncertainty is color saturation. \nSaturation, added to the list of variables by Morrison (1974), is sometimes \nVISUAL \nCOMMUNICATION \nSynthesis \nPUBLIC REALM"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3acf7dfe-f5d0-46b4-8d84-4a4e0e2fcc8e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "VISUAL \nCOMMUNICATION \nSynthesis \nPUBLIC REALM \nFigun\u00b7 2: Tin\u2022 range ofl11nctio11s for \nmaps i11 spa/ml analysis (from D1B1a'>c. \n1990, '\"l'l'(id11c(\u2022d l>y f1Crmissio11 of Earth \nand M111era/ Scie11ces).  14 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nF('?ure 3: A catni11 (U.S. - Cmrndn) n11d \nn11 uncertni11 (Iraq - Kuwait) border. \nFigure 4: Depictio11 of a risk w11e aro1111d \nn 11uclear power pla11/ ns certain versus \n1111certai11."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2d61ee4b-2ad7-4205-9170-0d903f914ecf
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "1111certai11. \nreferred to as color purity. Saturation could be varied from pure hues for \nvery certain information to unsaturated (grey) hues for uncertain informa\u00ad\ntion. Anot her variable, beyond Bertin's original seven, that seems quite \npromising as an uncertainty visualization tool is \"focus.\"2 Presenting data \n\"out of focus\" (as you would see it with an out-of-focus camera), or \nsimply at lower spat ial resolution , might be an ideal way to depict uncer\u00ad\ntainty."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a10adff2-f062-437b-b253-86c6c0f41969
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tainty. \nSymbo l focus can be manipulated in at least four \\'l'ays: \nContour crispness- The most obvious way to apply focus is to vary \nthe \"crispness\" or \"funyness\" of symbol contours (edges). A certain \nboundary (e.g., the U.S. - Canada border) might be depicted with a \nsharp, narrow line, while an uncertain boundary (e.g., that between \nKuwait and Iraq) might be portrayed with a broad fuzzy line that fades \nfrom the center toward the background (fig. 3). Similar \"out-of-focus\""}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a832f2c8-457f-4f61-a8c7-a362160b0729
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "symbols could be used to represent certain or uncertain location of point \nfeatures, and an area may be depicted as not bounded at all, but as \nfading in a continuous fashion from core to periphery (fig. 4). \nFill clarity- While contour crispness intuitively suggests uncertainty in \nposition, the crispness of elements making up interior fills for an other\u00ad\nwise precisely delineated area can be logically associated with attribute"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 13cdb36d-ace8-4a51-bd7a-dc4991652030
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "uncertainty. A sharp, distinct pattern, for example, might be used to \nindicate certaint y while a less defined pattern might indicate uncertainty \n(fig. 5). \nFog- The transparency of the \"atmosphere\" thnt an analyst views a \nmap through can be controlled on some computer display devices. lt is \npossible to create what, in effect, looks like a fog passing between the \nana lyst and the map - the thicker the fog, the more uncertain that part of \nthe map (fig. 6).3"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c0c69ba1-0901-4745-8e79-2a96919b27f0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "the map (fig. 6).3 \nResolution -Often maps are produced in which attribute data, geo\u00ad\ngraphic position , and temporal position are depicted with very different \nresolutions. One method of communicating uncertainty would be to \nadjust the resolution of geographic detail so that it corresponds to that of \nattributes or time (e.g., adjust resolution with which coastlines are de\u00ad\npicted on a wor ld map to correspond to the resolution of thematic infor\u00ad\nmation depicted) (fig. 7)."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9c3cca00-fd3d-4b6c-813f-63aac26d741b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "mation depicted) (fig. 7). \nLinking visualization tools to models of uncertainty \nDifferent uncertainty visualization issues will arise when dealing with \ndifferent kinds of data (e.g., qualitative data on land use /la nd cover \nversus quantitative data from the census). When data are quantities \naggregated to units such as counties, we should consider the spatial \ncharacteristics of the phenomena represented by these quantities as we"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c3f7056f-e619-4b0f-90f8-f9fb954ccd0a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "select symbolization methods to depict the uncertainty about them. One \ncontinuum of spatia l characteristics that can be ident ified is that from \ndiscrete (spatially fragmented) to continuous (spatially comprehensive) \nphenomena (Hsu, 1979). A second continuum relates to the character of \nvariation in the phenomenon across space. Some phenomena (e.g., tax \nrates) can vary quite abruptly as political boundaries are crossed, while"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5d453911-86b8-44a7-aab6-d083b0fe4620
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "others (e.g., ga!Jons of ground water pumped for irrigation per county) \ncan exhibit a relatively smooth variation quite independent of the units to \nwhich data are aggregated. MacEachren and DiBiase (1991) recently \n' This variable appears to have been orig in,1lly suggested bv Dadd Woodward in a \nsem inar at Wisconsin (D. Di Biase and j . Krygier , personal commumcation). \n' TI1is idea was offered by Michael Goodch ild dur ing the '\\JCGIA Visualization of Data"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a06f919e-9212-4e70-832c-f050198c8e6d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Quality Specia list Meeting.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 15 \nproposed a series of graphic data \nmodels that represent locations in \nthis continuity-abruptness phe\u00ad\nnomena space (fig. 8). These \ngraphil. data models correspond to \na range of two dimensional \nsymboli/ation methods, which \ninclude standard forms such as \ndot, choropleth, isopleth, and \ngraduated symbol, along with \nsome hybrid techniques designed \nto deal with the midpoints on the"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e15a5244-5b82-46e5-8bbf-ad88e08c8da8
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "to deal with the midpoints on the \nphenomena space axes (fig. 9). \nThree research questions suggest \nthemseh\u00b7es here: Is it safe to \nassume that the spatial characteris\u00ad\ntics of uncertainty \u2022.vill mimic those \nof the phenomena that uncertainty \nis being estimated for? Do specific \nsymbolization methods actually \ncommunicate the particular spatial \ncharacterbtics that we as cartogra\u00ad\nphers associate them with (e.g., is a \nlayer tinted isarithmic map \ndepicting uncertainty in air"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d0041915-6fa0-4306-998b-3b9695f357c2
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "depicting uncertainty in air \npollution estimates interpreted as a \nsmooth continuous surface or as \ndiscrete uncertainty regions)? \nWhat approach should be followed \nwhen a data set has multiple kinds \nof uncertainty associated with it \nand the spatial characteristics of \nthat uncertainty vary? \nf\\~ure 5: Ct'Tlt1h11111tl 1111ct'Tlm11 depiction of land C<>l'cr fy;oe. \nF1g11r1\u2022 t>: Mnp 11/ flit' ecologicnl risk due f11 t\u2022:onr. On tlie ldt , 1.'<1/111e:; dq11ct 11 compo,;ite risk"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: cb67a9cf-b637-4fb1-9228-50c503cff46e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "i111fr.t n11d 1>11 //J1\u2022 right, Ille 1111certni11ty 111 t/1111 index is oPcr/nyt'd 11.; 11 \"f11g\" of rnryml'( t/1ickne~s User interfaces - How to merge data \nand uncertainty representations \nBeyond the basic issue of how to \ncorrcsp<.md111g to 1'11YJ/ing degrees of 11ncertnint.11. \nrepresent uncertainty is the question of how and when to present the \nrepresentation. This is complicated by the likelihood that GIS representa\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9aafd2ba-ced6-4e72-a669-6e40e9d109bc
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tions are often products of a combination of measured and model-derived \nmultivariate data. There seem to be three choices that could be used \nseparnte ly or in combination: \nmap pairs in which a data map is depicted side-by-side with a map of \nuncertainty about that data (fig. 10); \nseq11e11tinl presentation in which a user might be warned about uncer\u00ad\ntainty with an initial map \u00b7which is followed by a map of the data (fig. 11),"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d24b4251-564f-47d0-9af8-c99fe5c05218
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "(or interactive tools that allow toggling between the data and the uncer\u00ad\ntainty representations); \nbi-variate maps in which both the data of interest and the uncertainty \nestimate are incorporated in the same map (fig. 12). \nMost attempts thus far to graph ically depict uncertainty of spatial data \nhave used the map pair strategy (e.g., Borrough, 1986; MacEachren, 1985; \nMacEachren and Davidson, 1987). Cartographer s have spent relatively"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0be16954-f3a5-46bc-9a8c-fcb595da60ed
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "little time investigating the imp act of sequentia l information presentation. \nPossibilities of interactive mapping and GIS, as well as animation, have \nFis11re 7: D<\u2022sradin:.: of m1st11/ resolution (fro111 \ntop to liolf<>m) 11s an 111d1cntwn of the 1111ca\u00ad\nfc1111ty i11111odt'I 1>wd11ad 1111d-cretnteo11s ocean \nflmtts.  16 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nt.ll \n:J \n0 \n:J \nc .._, \nc \n0 \nu \nabrupt \nFig1m\u00b7 Ii: D11/1111w.fds rel''\"'cut mg l'oi11t,; 111"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 13071dc5-1cdd-4bc8-8d88-2af82a9cb214
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "!IJL\u2022 ccm/111uity-nlm1pl11t\u2022ss l'il<'ll Olll<'llll space. \nQ) __, \nQ) \n..... \nu \nt.ll \nt.ll \n:J \n0 \n:J \nc .._, \nc \n0 \nu \nabrupt \n\"<9 \n,\u00b7::\u2022 \" .\u00b7 .\u00b7 \nsmooth \nsmooth \n._.:.o\u00b7.: \nbegun to bring attention to this issue \n(Taylor, 1982; Slocum , 1988). One \nclear avenue to explore here is the \npotential of hypertext to allow users \nto nav igate through the maze of \ndata and uncertainty representa\u00ad\ntions that we might be able to \nprovide (e.g., use of graphic scrip ts"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6cfd4646-a4cb-49ca-9c93-b965dcc0ddc9
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "provide (e.g., use of graphic scrip ts \nto guide this process (\\1onmonier, \n1992)). \nIn relation to the third possibility, \nbivariate maps, the l..J.S. Census \nBureau 's bi-\\'ariate choropleth maps \nfrom the 1970 census are perhaps \nthe best known attemp t to relate \ntwo \\'ariables on one map. Experi\u00ad\nmentation with those maps by \nseveral researchers indicates that \nuntrained readers have considerable \ntrouble reading bi-variate maps \n(e.g., Olson, 1981 ). There are,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5d069974-08c6-4da0-b823-5b13f89ce459
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "(e.g., Olson, 1981 ). There are, \nhO\\\u00b7vever, a number of bi-varia te \nmapping possibilities that have not \nyet been investigated and previous \nattempts to use bivariate maps dea lt \n\\\u00b7vith two different variables rather \nthan with a single variable related to \nits uncertainty. Color satura tion (or \nintensity), for example, might be \nused as a graphic variable for \ndepicting uncertainty on maps in \nwhich different hues are used to \nrepresent the data values of interest"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 08b6119d-4828-473a-89c4-a84fae16f897
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "represent the data values of interest \n(e.g., on a land cover map). For \nprinted maps in black and white, a \ncombination of texture and value \nmay be effecti\\ \u00b7e (see fig. 12). The \nvariable of foett'> might be used in \nsimilar ways. \nIn a dynamic visualizat ion \nenvironment, it would be possible \nto combine sequencing and bi\u00ad\nvariate techniques and allow a fade \nfrom a data map, through a data / \nuncertainty map, back to the data \nmap. For qualitative area l data (e.g.,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a3beea37-9911-495a-9b82-3059f3dc6aa9
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "map. For qualitative area l data (e.g., \nsoils) Fisher (1991) has suggested an \nanimated technique to communicate \nthe certainty (or uncertainty) of soil \nclassifications for particular loca\u00ad\ntions . Jn his visualization system, \nduration with which pi,els are \ndisplayed in a particular color is \nmatched to the probability of that \npixel being in a particular soil  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 17 \nclassification. Certain sections of lhe map remain static and uncertain"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 54409d3d-342a-4276-bec4-5cc41418f72f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "sections exhibit continual blinking between (or among) the potential soils \nfor that place. \nEvaluation of the utility or affect of providing uncertainty information \nIL is relah\\ ely easy to think up techniques by which uncertainty might be \nrepresented. Before we try to put these technique s into practice (particu\u00ad\nlarly in a public policy context), we should evaluate their potential impact. \nThe representat ion of uncertainty about information in a GIS provides a"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8bc7b164-350b-48eb-8655-a571054ad5ed
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "uniqu e opportunity to determine whether our efforts at map symboliza\u00ad\ntion and design research over the past 40 years have provided the tools \nrequired to develop a representation sys tem. If past perceptual \nand cognitive research along with the conceptual \nmodels of symbol-referent relation\u00ad\nships based on \nl'is11rc 11: semiotics are reall y \n<;i1111dntum \u2022'f 1111 \ni11taacti11c '<''lll<'llClll<i; sv,;tcm flint \n11lt1\u00b7n111fl', J1rc,;mtatim1 of tire rN< \ni11dcx mid the 1111arl11111t11111 ii"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a33d4192-2527-4d4e-853d-d4d6a8ba79b3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "i11dcx mid the 1111arl11111t11111 ii \nuseful, we should be able to use them \nto formulate hypothese~ and design appropriate \ne'\\periments in our que<.t for ans.,,,\u00b7ers about \nvisuali zing uncertaint y. \nThis possibility may tempt some of us to go back to our roots \nin the communicatio n model approach to cartography. Communication of \ndata quality or uncertainty seems to be the ideal case for which the \ncom muni cation model was developed. uncertainty can be treated as a"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 25171e41-fd75-4b72-a00a-6efe3bd092f5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "precisely defined piece of information that we want a GIS user to obtain. \nam afraid, how ever, that if we follow this narrow information theor y \napproach we will hit the same dead ends that we did a decade or so ago. \nThis time arou nd we need to be aware of the rang e of human-user \nintera ctions with gra ph ics that occur from initial data exploration to \npresentation. For exp lorator y applications, \u00b7where there is no predeter \u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4e9eacb0-0602-4f78-b98a-ad1ecd842eb1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "mined message to commun icate, we cannot judge uncertainty depictions \nusing communication effectivenes s standards. We can only evaluate these \ndepictions in term s of how they alter decision making , pattern recogni\u00ad\ntion, hypothesis generatio n, or policy decisions. We also must be aware of \nthe fact that our (possibly) precise uncertainty information is conditioned \nby the social-cu ltural context in which decisions about what to represent"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 24668559-24f2-4223-9cfe-7b448b891154
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "are made (e.g., a variety of estimates exist about the reliability of the U.S. \nCensus Bureau's enumera tion of homeless persons) , and by the limited \nability of cartog raph ers to determin e the relative importance of various \nkinds of quality or uncertaint y information in a particular context. \nIn addition to the quest ion of visualizing uncertaint y, there is also a \nquestion of quality of visualizations to consider. One way to evaluate"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8cd7d9f7-aa56-465f-9604-dfb49afc6b11
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\\ isualizat ion of uncertainty tools, therefore, is to calibrate those tools in \nterms of their tendency towar d type I and type II visualization errors \n(MacEachren and Ganter, 1990). Does providing uncertainty information \n(or pro\\'iding it in a particular .,,,ay) lead to a failure to notice patterns and \nrelationships (type Il), or to a tend ency lo see patterns that do not exist \n(type J)? \"v1.aps are re-presentations and as such are always one choice"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4e3ef693-0873-4e1c-b091-281189010771
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "among many about ho\\\\ to re-present. There is always uncertainty in the \nchoice of representation method, therefore, representing the uncertainty in \nour repre sentation s is an uncertain endeavor at best. \nFig11re 10: A ra.<lt'r mnl' dL'pictirrs n composite \nl1l'i1itli mk mde.\\ d11r lci air .md rmlrr ptill11tm11' \nfon lctt J and n dq\u2022ict1v11c>f1111ca\"1111ty tif tlw't' \nindi\u00b7x ml11c;;. \nFis11r 12: Ri.;k n11d 1111Ct'rt11i11ty rrwrscd mf,1 a"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3addf86d-7083-4c96-964a-27749b204f7a
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "lih~1rintr map 1L'itlr i11cre11si1111 risk l'<'JlrL'sc11tcd \nby d1\u2022rreasi11s iyr/ue (darker ;./rndesJ and \ni11aetN11g 1111art11i11t11 n\u20221m\u2022,,\u202211ti\u2022d /111 \ni11a,~i-111gh1 <'<~lr,,\u2022 kxt111\u00b7c,  18 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nACK.'\\JOWLEDGEMENTS \nREFERE CES \nI would like to thank David DiBiase and Tony Williams for sugges tion s on \nan earlier draft of this paper, Alan Brenner for sharing ideas on bi-\\'ariate \nmaps of uncertainty, and Catherine Reeves m the Deasy GeoGraphics"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2ef53f08-ef02-4287-b3f4-1132c8944090
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Laboratory for the production of most of the illustrations. \nButtenfield, B. P., and Beard, M. K. 1991. Vbualizing the quality of \nspatial information. In Tecl111ical Papers 1991. ACSM-ASPRS Annual \nConvention. V. 6, Auto-Carto 10: 423-427. \nDiBiase, D. W. 1990. Scientific visualization in the earth sciences. Eart/7 \na11d Mineral Sciences (Bulletin of the College of Earth and Mineral Sci\u00ad\nences). The Pennsyl\\'ania State Lniversity =i9(2): 13-18."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0380d446-603b-464d-afc2-388124ee5869
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Fisher, P. 1991. Modeling and visualizing uncertainty in geograp hic data. \nPosition paper for the Visuali/ation of Data Quality Specialist's :vteeting, \n'.\\.CCIA Initiative 7, 8-12 June, Castine, \\1E. \nFryman, J. F., and Sines, B. R. 1991. Anatomy of the introductory cartog\u00ad\nraphy course. Cartographic PerspecfiPes. 8: 4-l 0. \nJenks, G. F. 1967. The data model concept m statistical mapping. T11tema\u00ad\ntio11al Year/look of Cartography. 7:186-190."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 085451e2-1df0-4d84-af0f-454bf114996c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tio11al Year/look of Cartography. 7:186-190. \nLangford, M., and Unwin, 0. J. (in press). Generating and mapping \npopulation density surfaces within a geographical information system . \nCartograpltic journal. \nMacEachren, Alan M. 1985. Accuracy of thematic maps: Implications of \nChoropleth Symboli/ation. Cartograpltica. 22(1):38-58. \nMacEachren, A., Buttenfield, B., Campbell, J., DiBiase , 0., and \nMonmonier, M. (in press). Visualization. In Geography's Inner Worlds, ed."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 075a0607-3332-4e6a-9eac-1d3a11640c94
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "R. Abler, \\It. \\11arcus, and J. Olson. \nMacEachren, A. M., and Davidson, J. H. 1987. Continuous geographic \nsurfaces: Sample resolution, mtermediate value estimation accuracy, and \nisometric mapping. The Ammca11 Cnrtograpltcr. 14(4): 299-320. \nMacEachren, A. M., and DiBiase, 0. W. (in press). Animated maps of \naggregated data: Conceptual and practical problems. Cartograpl1y and \nGeograpltic !11formntio11 Syste111s. \nMacEachren, A. M., and Ganter, J. H. 1990. A pattern identification"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7953d52b-1a65-4f78-879e-903f1512b7dc
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "approach to cartographic visualization. Carto~rapltica. 27(2): 64-81. \nWebster's New Collegiate Dictionary. 1974. Springfie ld, MA: G. & C. \nMerriam Company. \nMoellering, H.; Fritz, L.; Nyerges, T.; Liles, B.; Chrisman, N.; \nPoeppelmeier, C.; Schmidt, W.; and Rugg, R. (executive committee) \n1988. The proposed national standard for digital cartographic data. Tlie \nA111crica11 Cnrtograplter. 15(1): 9-142.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartograplzic perspectives 19"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5de55cf3-0352-4a22-b26d-10e36d187c46
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Monmonier , M. (in press). Autho ring graphic script s: Expe riences and \nprinciples. Cartography and Geographic l11for111atio11 Systems. \nMonmonier , M., and Johnson, B. B. 1990. De~ig11 guide for e11viro11111e11tal \nmaps. Trenton, J: e'vv Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, \nOi\\'ision of Science and Research. \nMorgan, M. G., and Henrion , M. 1990. Uncertni11ty: A guide to deali11s with \n1111catni11ty 111 q111111titntii\u2022e risk and polity analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6556323a-ce3c-4a43-a72e-f2de3325f07d
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "University Press. \nMuller, J. C., and Zeshen , W. 1990. A knowl edge based system for \ncartog raphic symbol des ign. The Cartographic fo11m11I. 27(1): 24-30. \nOlson , J. M. 1981. Spectrally encoded two-variable maps. A1111als of the \nA->socintio11 of America11 Geographers. 71(2): 259-276. \nSlocum, Terry A. 1988. Oe\\'eloping an information system for choropleth \nmaps. In Prcneedi11gs of the Third lnfl'mntional Symposi11111 011 Spatial Dnta"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Hn11dli11g, August 17-19, 1988, Sidney, Australia, 293-305. \nRejeski, D. and Kapuscinski, J. 1990. Risk modeling with geographic \ni11for111ntio11 systems: Approaches and issues. Report of the U.S. Environmental \nProtection Agency, Office of Information Resources Management. \nRobinson , A.H .; Sale, R. D .; Morrison, J. L.; and Muehrcke, P. C. 1984. \nElements of Cartography. (Sc) .. ew York: John Wiley & Sons. \nTaylor, D.R. F. 1982. The cartographic potential of Telidon. Cartographica."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 36c63149-50e1-44f1-ad3a-c17b8ed01c67
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "19(3&4):18-30. \nWeibel , R., and Buttenfield, B. P. 1988. Map design for geographic \ninformation systems. In GTS/LJS'BB Proceedi11gs: Assessing tin\u2022 World V. I, \nSan Anto nio: ACSM, ASP RS, AAG, LiRISA:350-359. \nCuando se usan ma pas coma instrumentos de \\'isualizac i6n, la exploraci6n \nde relaciones potenciales precede a la presentaci6n de datos. En estas primeras \netapas de analisis cient ffico o formula ci6n de normas, el proveer un modo"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 98409e99-82ce-47e7-8235-bd1339c33a28
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "parn gue losana listas estim en la inexact itud en losdatos gueesta n explorando \nes crftico para las perspectivas que formen y las enfoq ues quc decidan seguir. \nEste articulo sin\u00b7e de base para desarrollar metodos para la visual izaci6n de \ninformaci6n inexacta. El artfculo habla de la diferencia entre la calidad de las \ndatos y la inexactitud, la aplicaci6n de las variables graficas de Bertin para la \nrepresentaci6n de la inexactitud, los model os conceptuales de inexactitud"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c17921dc-e58e-46e7-8b3a-c4f7921145a0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "espacial en cuanto a su relaci6n con clases desimbolizaci6n cartografica, y las \ncategorias de interacci6n del usuario adecuadas para la presentaci6n de \ndatos e inexactitud de los mismos. Tambien tratado es el t ema de coma \npodrfamos evaluar nuestros intentos de describir la informaci6n inexacta en \nlos mapas. \nRES UM EN  20 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nreviews \nBOOK REVIEW \nGeological Maps: A11 llltroductio11 \nAlex Maltman. '\\iew York: Van"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 059df420-a742-48a0-b12a-b482c6e9d32e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Alex Maltman. '\\iew York: Van \ni ostrand Reinhold, 1990. 224 pp, \nmaps, diags., and biblio. $49.95 \ncloth (ISB : 0-4-12-30307-6). \nRei1h7Ped by Norman Meek \nOepnrt111e11t of Geograpliy \nCalifomia State U11ii1ersity \nSa11 Bernardi110. \nGeologic mappers arc perhaps the \npreeminent applied users of maps. \nThe three-dimensional nature of \nmost geologic phenomena means \nthat geo logists must be able to \nread and manipulate a two\u00ad\ndimensional map in many ways \nunimagined by most geographers."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1c8fd9ab-b04e-4ec4-9055-718190777fed
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "unimagined by most geographers. \nPerhaps the most difficult course \nfor undergraduate geologists to \nmaster is the geologica l field camp \nwhere geological maps are made. \nThu5, the complexity of the \ntechniques assures a need for \nillustrated books showing the \nfundamentab of geologic map\u00ad\nping. \nThis book is a welcome addition \nto the sparse literature of this field. \nIt is composed of fifteen concise \nchapters, each on a specific aspect \nof geologic maps: for example,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ab79f262-4c76-436d-bfef-ae8e73995a20
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "of geologic maps: for example, \ncross-sections, portraying strike \nand dip, unconformities, and folds. \nThe chapters are liberally illus\u00ad\ntrated with block diagrams and \neasy-to-read figures summari7ing \nvarious topics, and eight full-color \ngeologic map plates are included. \nThere are also chapters on topics \nperipheral to interpreting geologic \nmaps, such as on old and new \ntechniques of producing geologic \nmaps, as well as on the heritage of \ngeologic mapmaking in Britain,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fa3a2d49-d5f5-4d47-bf58-9d2e6f95232c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "geologic mapmaking in Britain, \nwhere geologic mapping essen\u00ad\ntially originated. \nThe book is mainly limited to a \ndiscussion of geologic maps \nproduced in Britain and its former \ncolonies, especially the United \nStates, Canada, Australia and New \nZealand. Discussion of geologic \nmapping in other regions is mainly \nlimited to a few examples from \nFrance. Despite this limited \ngeographic coverage, there are \nsubstantial international differ\u00ad\nences between geologic maps in"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c0350167-f01b-47bd-8b12-bee8c380b007
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ences between geologic maps in \nthe English speaking regions; the \nable comparison of maps pro\u00ad\nduced by different mapping \ntraditions is a laudabl e aspect of \nthis book. \nEach chapter includes a brief \nintroduction, a discussion of the \ntopic, a chapter summary and an \nannotated bibliography. Accom\u00ad\npanying each chapter are several \nmap exercises demonstrating the \nprinciples introduced in it. Many \nquestions are posed about each \nmap, but it is left to the reader to"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a1b0ac4e-29cf-4fbf-815b-0b73cbcd2220
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "map, but it is left to the reader to \ncomplete them because no exercise \nsolutions are included. Because \nthe 24 map exercises are based on \n8.5'' ' 11 \" black and white maps, \nthey can be easily reproduced for \nrepeated personal trials or class\u00ad\nroom use. \nIt is apparent from the anno\u00ad\ntated bibliography that severa l \nbooks about geo logic mapping \nhave been published since I \ncompleted my geological field \ncamp in 1981, when this kind of \nreference book was unavailable."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e19fe10a-b0c4-47e4-9112-beab336bdfea
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "reference book was unavailable. \nAlthough this book would have \nbeen an extremely useful reference \nbook at field camp, I might not \nhave graduated if my instructors \ncould have assigned some of the \ncomp lex exercises that it includes. \nThere is no question that anyone \nwho is able to complete all of the \nexercises will ha\\'e a thorough \nknowledge of geologic maps and \nthe various interpretati\\'e tech\u00ad\nniques that can be employed. \nThere are some minor problems \nwith this text, but none that"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0b8038f4-d8ad-456c-9386-e558c26ffb9f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "with this text, but none that \ndiscourage me from recommend\u00ad\ning it. Although I found a few \ntypographical errors in the text \nand exercises, the typical Ameri\u00ad\ncan reader will find a surprisingly \ngrea t difference between British \nand American spelling of geologi \u00ad\ncal terminology, \\Vhich could be \nconfusing to the novice. In this age \nof computer-typeset texts, a \npublisher could ju5lify L\\'\\U print\u00ad\nings of a scientific text \u2022.vhen the \nterminology is this divergent, with"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: adf81c7f-0a81-40f6-b83e-119cce4332fe
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "terminology is this divergent, with \neach text using the lexicon of the \nappropriate audience. In addition, \nalthough this book is readily \nunderstandable to a geologist with \na working knowledge of the \ngeologic time scale and basic \ngeologic principles, some of the \ntext could be much more difficult \nfor the typical American geology \nundergraduate to use without such \nbackground knowledge. More \nimportantly, a few of the black and \nwhite exercises arc simply too \ncomplex to use con\\'entional"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fe06932c-4eb2-49cc-ae47-e8d8da9d64e1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "complex to use con\\'entional \npattern symbols to differentiate the \nareas. For example, because I am \nfamiliar with the geology of the \nBaraboo, Wisconsin area, I am \ncon\\'inced that I cou ld not deter \u00ad\nmine the geological history of the \nregion to the extent reque5tcd in \nthe exercise, gi\\\u00b7en the cartographic \ncomplexity of the map included. \nThus, I am concerned that some of \nthe other exercise maps might be \nsimilarly fla\u00b7wed. Finally, I would \nrecommend that the next edition"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e4ab5dcb-69f6-45b9-a3cd-566feb3e8ae5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "recommend that the next edition \ninclude a geologic time sca le and a \nchapter I pamphlet of accompany\u00ad\ning exercise solutions. \nDespite these criticism5, this \nbook is an excellent reference text \nfor field geologists. The diagrams \nexplaining each topic are very well \ndrawn, clnJ easily understandable \nwithout reference to the text. \nAlthough the book will be most \nuseful as a reference or field camp \ntext, for me the highlight of this \nbook was the entertaining stories"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6621d7b8-e58a-47e0-8888-5773769ae0ff
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "book was the entertaining stories \nabout some famous geologic \nmappers. Like many Welshmen, \nProfessor Maltman is an excellent \nstory teller. He has done as good a \njob writing captivating stories \nabout some famous geo logists as \nhe has in clarifying the exceedingly \ncomplex techniques of geologic \nmapping.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 21 \nBOOK REVIEW \nGeographicnl Information Sys\u00ad\ntems: Principles and Applications. \nD.J. ~aguire, M.F. Goodchild, and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 13269c60-c0a8-4580-93d2-e159a45f401c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "D.J. ~aguire, M.F. Goodchild, and \nD.W. Rhind (eds). Essex, England: \nLongman Scientific & Technical, \n1991. Vol. 1, Principles, 649 pp. \nVol. 2, Applications, 447 pp. $295 \nHardcover. (ISBN 0-582-05661-6) \n(Copublished in the United States \nwith John Wiley & Sons, Inc., , ew \nYork, (ISB 0-470-21789-8). \nReviewed by\u00a3. Ly1111 Usery, \nDepnrfnrent of Geograplzy, \nU11iversity of Wisconsin, \nMadison \nGeographic Information Systems \n(GIS) have developed to a stage \nwhere production of a large"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 84f72df4-24f6-4135-853c-ba98648d3272
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "where production of a large \nreference compendium is not only \nfeasible, as the editors state in their \npreface to this work, but necessary. \nTI1is two-volume set is a milestone \nin the continuing development of \nGIS in three respects: first, it \npresents a comprehensive view of \nGIS as an emerging technology; \nsecond, it provides a reference \nwork for researchers and practic\u00ad\ning GIS professionals; and third, it \nattempts to develop the basis of \nGIS as a discipline. The stated aim"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 63937e3b-baa1-464b-b024-88bc1129492c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "GIS as a discipline. The stated aim \nof the book is to assemble a team \nof international experts to write a \nmajor reference work on GJS. \nAlthough there is a significant \nNorth American and European \n(particularly the United Kingdom) \nbicis, the editors have accom\u00ad\nplished this aim. With only a few \nflaws in the presentation, the work \nis a monumental achievement and \nwill probably serve as the major \nGIS reference for some years to \ncome. \nThe book is well organized into"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d828e1c7-3bab-4456-b5f6-0a8311d4a170
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "come. \nThe book is well organized into \nfour sections: 1) an introductory \noverview with eight chapters \nexamining the definitions, history, \nsettings, and critique of GIS; 2) \nprinciples of GIS consisting of 26 \nchapters arranged into subsections \nconcerning the nature of spatial \ndata, digital representation, \nfunctional, display, and opera\u00ad\ntional issues; 3) applications of GIS \nwith 22 chapters in four subsec\u00ad\ntions concerning national and \ninternational programs, socio\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 82e96833-4f3c-4f3d-9b5b-314cae2279d9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "international programs, socio\u00ad\neconomic, en\\'ironmental, and \nmanagement applications; and 4) \nan epilogue which briefly summa\u00ad\nrizes the main ideas and presents \nprojections for the future. The \neditors tie the work together by \nproviding an introductory article \nfor each of the first three sections \nand by authoring the epilogue. \nThe book contains a table of \ncontents, preface, and list of \ncontributors with affiliation and \nresearch interests repeated in each"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f78a4757-81d1-46a6-8304-5f36ce8eb2a8
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "research interests repeated in each \nof the two volumes. While each \narticle contains its own reference \nlist, each volume contains a \nconsolidated bibliography of some \n60 pages, a six-page list of acro\u00ad\nnym definitions, an author index \nwhich includes page numbers \nwhere citations occur, and an \nextensive subject index. The \nrepetition of the bibliography and \nindices allows each volume to be \nused independently but at the cost \nof the extra pages. \nThe book is a good, comprehen\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f7bcf7c7-aa86-4072-a8d1-22d7a07a16e4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "The book is a good, comprehen\u00ad\nsive work meeting the need in the \nGIS area for such a reference \nvolume. It is similar in some \nrespects to the Mnmtnf of Photo\u00ad\ngm111111etry and the Mm111nl of \nRemote Se11si11g published by the \nAmerican Society for Photogram \u00ad\nmetry and Remote Sensing, but \nunlike those manuals this book \ndoes not present a rigid, factual \naccount of GIS. For example, one \ncannot use this book to learn how \nto program a quadtree data \nstructure or how to use relational"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b0340c84-4289-48bb-b264-fe0614c2b405
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "structure or how to use relational \nalgebra to extract relevant geo\u00ad\ngraphical data attributes, as would \nbe expected in a manual. The \narticles are more of a research \napproach, some with speculation \nand futurism. The book does \nprovide an excellent overview of \nthe general principles and applica\u00ad\ntions of GIS, which is the intent. It \nis aimed at advanced undergradu\u00ad\nates, postgraduates, professionals, \nand research workers and suc\u00ad\nceeds at presenting the appropriate"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b6cdb025-360d-4aa0-ab1a-74e647faa40f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ceeds at presenting the appropriate \ninforrnalion Lo Lhis larget audience. \nAt the same time, GIS is an area \nwhere criticism has been scarce. \nThis book is no different and the \neditors lament the fact that in the \napplications part of the work, no \nexamples of GIS failures are \nincluded. The one chapter which \ndoes level criticism focuses on \nideas of cartography's demise, the \nbooster atmosphere surrounding \ncrs, and the declarations of \nsuccess before implementation or"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b7a5e678-05a0-46be-ae3f-63a223610399
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "success before implementation or \nexperimentation. That GIS leads to \nimproved spatial analysis is \nusually not questioned, but this \naspect is the weakest of the system \nand true spatial analysis is incor\u00ad\nporated in few if any GIS. Several \nchapters in this work echo this \ncriticism as well as the limitations \nof GTS to handle three-dimensional \nand temporal data. Also, the \nchapter criticizes GlS researchers \nand practitioners who are quick to \nadopt new paradigms (currently"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b360b143-fb8d-41f3-9a00-47e0b4e0d722
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "adopt new paradigms (currently \nobject-orientation has captured the \nGIS collective imagination) and \nhail them as the solution to repre\u00ad\nsentation of geographic data \nbefore any implementation or \nexperimentation has been per\u00ad\nformed. \nThe section on principles of GIS \nforms the core of this work and the \neditors' introduction identifies a \nsmall number of organizing \nprinciples which have emerged in \nGIS: raster versus vector, query \nversus product, and spatial"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 554c7e21-7ed0-4191-89ed-961fae66ff99
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "versus product, and spatial \nanalysis versus spatial informa\u00ad\ntion. The principles are organized \nby identifying key scientific \nquestions of GIS which include the \nnature of spatial data, digital \nrepresentation, functional, display, \nand operational issues. \nThe applications section is a \ngood sampling of the possible \ntypes of GIS applications. Its \nlimitation is that the breadth of the \ncurrent and potential applications  22 cartograpl1ic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d475890c-b92d-4173-aa16-82f62c4f2c48
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "cannot be effectively represented \nin a ':>ingle volume. \nIn the epilogue the editors \nreflect on the ideas presented \nthroughout the book and make \nsome statements about the current \nstatus of GlS with a prognosis for \nthe future. It examines the out\u00ad\nstanding issues in the research \nagenda, projections to the year \n2000, and hm .. \u00b7 GIS fits in the \nbigger societal future. Briefly \nexamining its history, the editors \nthink GIS is converging upon a set \nof generic issues through the use"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a71b1f2b-0db9-4aab-8cf7-d34a8943a62c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "of generic issues through the use \nof technology. These issues \ninclude data capture, data model\u00ad\nling, accuracy, data volume, spatial \nanalysis, user interfaces, cost/ \nbenefit analysis , and impacts on \norganization'>. An argument is \nmade for geographic information \nscience instead of the technology \nof GlS. While GIS was once seen \nonly as access to maps , it is now \nviewed as access to the world \nrepresented by maps. Drawing a \nparallel to statistical packages, GlS"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f5007403-93af-4fac-b7f5-570b22ada896
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "parallel to statistical packages, GlS \nis said to be at the stage of those \npackages in 1970. Sta tis tics \nemerged as a discipline, will GIS \ndo the same or will it follmv the \npath of remote sensing and remain \nan interdisciplinary tool for all \nspatial scientists? \nWhile GIS has many of the \ntrappings of a discipline, including \njournals, trade press, conferences, \ntextbooks, college classes and \ncurricula, is there a fundamental \nset of problems for GIS to exam\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f3ce3990-b94d-434d-a560-744799c46265
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "set of problems for GIS to exam\u00ad\nine? Two views of GIS are put \nfonvard, one in which GIS follows \nthe path of the quantitative \nrevolution in geography in the \n1960s. Today few geographers, \nparticularly human geographers, \nare concerned with quantification. \nThis view portrays GIS as the \nEdsel of electronic data processing. \nThe second view projects contin\u00ad\nued com\u00b7ergence of ideas, disci\u00ad\nplines, technologies, and a need for \nthe various application areas to \nremain affiliated. The editors"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6d7e9345-3b7b-430d-b747-492cec9034ff
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "remain affiliated. The editors \nprefer the second view and \nexpound upon it in projections for \nGIS to the year 2000. \nIn summary, the book is a major \nstep in developing a comprehen\u00ad\nsive view of GIS. While one may \nnot agree with the statements in \nthe introduction or the epilogue \n(and there is contradiction among \nthe contributors), the editors are to \nbe commended for the production \nof such a reference work. Flaws, \nsuch as inclusion of the subsection"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0c94e698-43b7-4c0c-bae3-54337e66aa30
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "such as inclusion of the subsection \ntitles on ly in the table of contents \nand not in the subsections them\u00ad\nselves, some cited references \nwhich do not appear in the refer\u00ad\nence list or in the consolidated \nbibliography, and a few isolated \ngrammatical errors, are minor. \nOne major problem is the color \nplates. Most are too small to be \neffective (with as many as eight \nper page), particularly in the \napplications section, and in some \ncases the graphics are completely"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3d607187-6d82-4622-8690-08359a3e0fe4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "cases the graphics are completely \nillegible. This problem notwith\u00ad\nstanding, the book is an excellent \npresentation of the framework of \nGIS principles and provides a \nreasonable survey of the major GIS \napplication areas with a few \ndetailed examples. The editors \nelicit major themes in their intro\u00ad\nductions and tic the 56 chapters \ntogether well. This work is likely \nto become required reference \nmaterial for GIS students and \npractitioners; it certainly belongs"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 52b6ae41-cec3-45ab-94b4-40d296293a08
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "practitioners; it certainly belongs \non the bookshelf of every GlS \nresearcher. \ncarto grapl1ic perspectives \non tlze news \nLandsat commercialization will \nreach a major milestone on Sep\u00ad\ntember 30, 1992, when taxpayer\u00ad\nsubsidi7ed operation of the \nprogram ends. Landsat is the \nUnited States Civil remote sensing \nsatellite system operated by the \nEarth Observation Satellite Com \u00ad\npany (EOSAT). EOSAT an\u00ad\nnounced it would assume opera-\nlion costs for Landsat on October"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6980454f-2db8-44f0-9120-bb9cdd26079c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "lion costs for Landsat on October \n1, saving the taxpayer $19 million \nin Fiscal Year 1993. Landsat 6 will \nbe comp leted and delivered to the \ngovernment in October and \n\u00b7oAA has scheduled its launch \nfor January 23, 1993. \nThe first Landsat was launched \nin 1972; since that time, an archive \nof over 2.7 million images have \nbeen created. These images are \nextremely valuable and useful for \nmapping, research, and monitor \u00ad\ning the Earth's natural resources. \nThe Landsat Thematic Mapper"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3840324e-7b20-481d-845c-c97ad517435e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "The Landsat Thematic Mapper \n(T'v1) sensor collects data from a \nbroad region of the electromag\u00ad\nnetic spectrum that includes \nvisible bands, near-infrared, \nshortwave-infrared, and thermal \nwavelengths. With Landsat's TM \n30 x 30 meter resolution and large \narea coverage (100x100 miles), the \nsensor provides detailed informa\u00ad\ntion at relatively low cost per unit \narea, compared to aerial photogra\u00ad\nphy or other commercial satellite \ndata. In addition, Landsat has"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 572d2d00-a94f-4a6d-80f6-1b050b863944
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "data. In addition, Landsat has \nrepeat coverage every 16 days. \nTM data is well suited for many \nenvironmental applications and is \nused to inventory and monitor \nworld resources, wildlife habitats, \nmarine environments and miner\u00ad\nals. Carla Adams, at EOSAT, has \ncompiled a brief description of \ncase studies of environmental \nmonitoring using Thematic \nMapper data. Examples include \nthe use of Landsat TM data to \ninput information into a geo\u00ad\ngraphic information system by the"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3b5487e8-5084-493b-9d8a-ebecbbac0557
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "graphic information system by the \nSuwannee River Water Manage\u00ad\nment District to help the regula \u00ad\ntory and planning staff assess \nwhere land cover is changing and \nto locate areas where land use \ncould harm surface water. Shore \u00ad\nline changes in the Aral Sea are \nbeing analyzed by comparing the \n1977 Mi\\115 mosaic and 1987 \nmosaic. The United States Na\u00ad\ntional CoastWatch Program \nintends to use TM data to develop \na comprehensive nationally \nstandardi7ed GIS to assess changes"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dc16b2e8-8018-4f5f-9350-fe3b960eec25
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "standardi7ed GIS to assess changes \n'  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartograpliic perspectives 23 \nin land co\\\u00b7er and habitat in the \ncoastal regions of the United \nStates. \nBecause TM data provides \ncurrent land cover information, it \ncan be used to map urban cover, \nupdate urban-rural boundaries , \nand identify the urban fringe zone \nfor planni ng. Further exampl es of \nTM data use for oil spi ll tracking, \nwater quality assessment, air \npollution, and globa l war ming"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b2f5a35a-9b85-4cb0-8ba9-308d7d0d5032
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "pollution, and globa l war ming \ndemonstrate the vast amount of \nanalytical and mapping uses of \nLandsat imagery and data. \nLandsat 6 will provide even \nfurther value of this data to the \nmapping commu nity with the \nintroduction of a 15 meter pan\u00ad\nchromatic band . \nEOSAT is interested in making \nLandsat data grants availab le to \nresearchers. Thev have made a n \nagreemen t with 'ASA to dedicate \nup to 25o/c of prod uctive capaci ty \nto the collection of re earch data"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: cd8be68c-eb5a-49ce-8f7c-22ec19820f58
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "to the collection of re earch data \nselected by NASA, which will then \npay 50'1 of the list price for this \ndata set and \u00b7will dist ribute the \nda ta to researchers for non com\u00ad\nmercial use. EOSA Twill use all \nrevenues from these ASA \npurchases to make grants to \nresearchers. \nrecent publications \nGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION \nSYSTEMS \nA publication entitled Geograpllic \nlufor111atio 11 Systems (GIS) and \n1\\tfappin g- Standardization and \nApplications (Special Technical"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 079b0982-83cc-4ad8-820d-3ac5ff49237c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Applications (Special Technical \nPublication (STP) 1126) is availa ble \nfrom the A merican Society for \nTesting and \\ifoterials. It contains \ntwenty-six papers from a 1990 \nSymposium sponsored by the \nUnited States Geological Survey \nand the American Society for \nTesting and \\1aterials (ASTM) \nSection D18.01.03 on Remote \nSensing and 018.01.05 on Map\u00ad\nping and GIS. The purpose of the \nsymposium was to bring toget her \nengineers and scient ists to provide \na forum for excha ngin g experi \u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e40cc062-b015-48a7-8b2c-6c5c62cd0f16
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "a forum for excha ngin g experi \u00ad\nences and findings related to GIS; \nlearn from a var iety of applica\u00ad\ntions; promote technology trans\u00ad\nfer; and provide educational \nresources for GIS, maps, and \nremot e sensing. Persons desirin g a \ncopy of the publication should \nconta ct the ASTM :vfarket ing and \nSales Office, 1916 Race Street, \nPhilade lphia, Pennsylvania 19103 \n(215) 299-5536. \nA number of curren t publications \nare avai lable from the American \nSociety for Photogrammetry and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8311f36a-53a7-4863-b062-5774fb6b6446
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Society for Photogrammetry and \nRemote Sensing (ASPRS). These \ninclude: Geograpliic lllformatio11 \nSystems: A Guide to tlze Tecl111ol\u00ad\nogi; by John Anten ucci, Kay \nBrown , Peter Croswe ll, \\1ichacl \nKevany, and Hugh Archer; Intro \u00ad\nductory Readings in Geograpltic \nInfon nation Systems, edited by \nDonna Peuqu et and Duane \nMarble; Tl1e llltegratio11 of R emote \nSensing a11d Geographic Informa\u00ad\ntion Systems (Proceed ings of a \nspec ial KCGIA session held at the \n1991 ASPRS-ACSM Annual"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 862c68eb-7fb8-4dbe-8a8a-73ee88e26c96
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "1991 ASPRS-ACSM Annual \nMeeting). To obtain a price list \nand more information , con tact: \nASPRS, P.O. Box 1269, Evans City, \nPA 16033; (412) 772-0070, fax (412) \n772-5281. \nThe Extension Service of the \nUnive rsity of Minn esota has \nreleased a 12 page publi cation \ntitled Introd11ctio11 to Data Analy \u00ad\nsis Using Geographic Information \nSystems . The publication pro\u00ad\nvides basic in formation about the \nanalytical capabilities of geo\u00ad\ngraphic information systems and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0d05f9c5-bd0c-47d4-a32f-d301fbb87627
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "graphic information systems and \ndescribes some of the compute r \nprograms used by a GIS for map \nanalysis. The cost of the publica\u00ad\ntions is $2. To ord er, request item \nNR-F0-5740 and send a check or \nmoney orde r payable to the \nUniversity of Minnesota to: \nDistribution Center, 3 Coffey Hall, \nuniYersity Of Yiinnesota, 14-20 \nEckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108-\n60\u20acH. The Telephone number for \nthe Distribution Center is (612) \n625-8173. Their Federal Tax ID \nnumb er is 41-6007513."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2ea018b9-1f68-41f9-a3c0-b7fdcaa695e5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "numb er is 41-6007513. \nDIGITAL DATA AND \nELECTRONIC ATLASES \nStrategic \\>tapping has announced \nthe release of Str eetBas e Plus files. \nThe files are derived from \nDynamap 2000, an enhanced set of \nTIGER files originally develo ped \nby Geographic Data Technology. \nStreet Base Plus provides a higher \naddress match rate when com\u00ad\npared to StreetBase or standard \nTIGER files. Stree tBase Plus files \nconta in over 10 million valid \naddress ranges, zip code informa\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fcf65927-0c42-4974-abef-6415e528beb8
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "address ranges, zip code informa\u00ad\ntion for all street types and unique \nstreet segments. In addition to the \nrequirements for running Atlas \nSoftware, your system must be \nequipped with at least: 2 MB RAM \nand DOS 3.3 or higher. Contact: \nStrategic \\1apping, Inc., 4030 \nMoorpark Ave, Suite 250, San Jose, \nCA 95117; (408) 985-7400, fax (408) \n985-0859. \nOmnigrap hics has announced a \nnew series: Tlze Om11i Gaz etteer \nState Series . The series will cover \nall SO states individually and will"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f5cf881e-3feb-4056-9451-331194bc7a30
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "all SO states individually and will \nbe avai lable starting in September \nwith the Omni Gazetteer of Neu> \nYork State. Each volume \u00b7will CO\\'er \nCl state 's populat ed places, plus \nstructures, facilities, locale , \nhistorical places, landmarks, and \nnamed geographic features. For \nmore information contact: Paul \nRogers, Omnigraphics, Inc., \nPenobscot Building, Detroit, Ml \n-18226; (800) 234-13-W, \nfax (313) 961-1383.  24 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8f8b42c9-8d30-4684-ab39-80deff991180
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Applied Optical Media Corpora \u00ad\ntion has two CD-ROM atlases \navailable for sale. American Vista, \nan atlas of the United States, has a \nvisual interface that provides \naccess to a rich multimedia envi\u00ad\nronment with more than 600 \nMegabytes of maps, information, \npictures, and sound . High resolu\u00ad\ntion maps, topographical maps, \nresource and industry maps from \nHammond inc, and searchabfe \ndata from the 1990 U.S. Census. \nRetail price 579.95. World Vista, \nan international atlas, includes"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ca04f8fd-1fbc-41c9-9720-a4aa13684373
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "an international atlas, includes \nmaps and data of the new repub\u00ad\nlics of the old Soviet Union. It also \nhas access to a rich multimedia \nenvironment with more than 600 \nMegabytes of maps, information , \npictures, and sound. It includes \nhigh resolution maps and data \nfrom Rand McNally. Retail Price: \n$79.95. System Requirements for \nboth products are MPC: MPC or \n386sx PC with CD-ROM drive and \nsound and meeting MPC specifica\u00ad\ntions with 2 MB of RAM; at least"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3d8f7627-68ad-4e9c-a55d-9fbff5159b0e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tions with 2 MB of RAM; at least \n6-l0x480, 256 color display capabi li\u00ad\nties (512K VRAM) and Windows \n3.1 (Windows 3.0 only if Multime\u00ad\ndia Extensions 1.0 is properly \ninstalled). For the Macintosh: \nColor Macintosh with 2 MB RAM \nrunning System 7.0. For more \ninformation contact: App lied \nOptical Media Corpora tion, 1450 \nBoot Road, Building 400, \nWestchester, PA 19380; (215) 429-\n3701, fax (21.3) 429-3810. \nMAPPING \nMicrolmages Press recent ly \nannounced the publication of A"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "announced the publication of A \nGuide to Map and Imag e Process\u00ad\ning by Dr. Merri P. Skrdla. This \n292-page, soft cover edition is a \ntechn ical reference on the selection \nand use of a second genera tion \nd esktop or laptop microcomputer \nsystem for integrated GIS, image \nprocessing CAD, spa tial databases, \nA\\.1/ FM, and desktop mapping. \nThe retail price is 520. Contact: \nMicrolmages, Inc., 201 Nor th 8th \nStreet, Suite 15, Lincoln, l'\\eb raska, \n68508-1347; (402) 477-95.3-l."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5fa292ae-118f-4e6b-89a3-32ebcf82bb7c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "68508-1347; (402) 477-95.3-l. \nMAPPING SOFTWARE \nGEOVISION, Inc. has released \nStatMapIII. StatMapill for \nWindows is a sta tistical map ping \nprogram that provides the capabil\u00ad\nity to match demographic data \nvalues to geograp hic coordina te \nfiles in order to crea te thematic \nmaps for analysis and presenta\u00ad\ntion. StatMaplII allows direct \naccess to U.S. Census Bureau \nTIGER base map and 1990 Cens us \ndatabases. The minimwn sys tem \nrequiremen ts are MS-DOS 3.31 or"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 41121839-6c0a-4477-8216-c0b6c3463ff3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "requiremen ts are MS-DOS 3.31 or \nlater, Microsoft Windows 3.0 or \nlater, PC using an 80286 or better, \n2MB memory, Flopp y disk drive, \nHard d isk (40 MB minim um), EGA \nor VGA grap hics adapter and \nmonitor, Microsoft Mouse or \ncompatible device. Contac t \nGEOVISJO, , Inc., 5680-B \nPeachtree Parhvay, , orcross, \nGeorg ia 30092; (404) 448-8224, fax \n(404) 447-4525. \nMAP USE \nThe National Council for Geo\u00ad\ngrap hic Education has published \nTl1e Language of Maps , as the first"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 531659d0-21ff-43fb-be53-663e5759f36a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Tl1e Language of Maps , as the first \nmonograph in their Pathway i11 \nGeography Series. The publication, \nauthored by Professor Phil \nGersme hl of the University of \nMinnesota, is a suppl ementa ry \nmanual that introduces studen ts to \nthe language(s) used to express \nideas about spatial relationships. \nThe volume is recommended for \nuse in intr oductory courses in \ngeography and m ap reading. \nTopics covered includ e: basic \nspa tial concepts, various types of"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 785615bc-054e-47ba-bd87-eeb0334f2845
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "spa tial concepts, various types of \nmaps and analytica l tools used by \nthe map reader, spa tial ideas of \ndistance, direction, area, and \nvolum e, scales and grid s, and \ndrainage, settle ment and forest \npattens, etc. To order, send $15 \nplus 52 for shipping and handling \npayable to the ational Council for \nGeographic Education to: National \nCounc il for Geographic Education, \n16A Leonard Hall, Indiana Unive r\u00ad\nsity of Pennsylvania, Indiana , \nPennsylvania 15705-1087; (412) \n357-6290."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c1b559da-2840-4122-bb82-0a4470246c6c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Pennsylvania 15705-1087; (412) \n357-6290. \nThe Third Edition of Map Use, \nReading - Analysis - Interpr eta\u00ad\ntion written by Phillip C. \nMuehrcke and edited by Juliana 0. \nMuehrcke, is now available. The \nnew edition has over 500 illustra\u00ad\ntions, 10 new chap ters, exercises \nadded to each chapter, text up\u00ad\ndates from beginning to end, and \nmore information about the impact \nof electronic technology. To order \nsend a check or mone y order for \n$32 to: JP Publications, P.O. Box"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9e7876cc-c360-433c-bbec-e30bfa7a8622
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "$32 to: JP Publications, P.O. Box \n44173, Madison, Wisconsin 53744. \nMAPS \nThe Association of Canadian Map \nLibraries and Archives (AC:MLA) \nis offering Standard Topograplri cal \nMaps of Canada, 1904-1948, a 31-\npage softcove r booklet that lists \nmaps produced by surveyo rs \nwork ing for the Canadian Govern\u00ad\nment. The maps show mountain \nranges, lakes, rivers, and streams \nfor different areas of Canada. In \nadditio n, the book includes 22 \nmap-sheet illustrations. The cost is"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 26768cc1-62b8-4c3f-ac5f-2c633cf2c2e2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "map-sheet illustrations. The cost is \n510. Also available are Early \nCanadian Topographic Map \nSeries: the Geological Survey of \nCanada, 1842-1949, and Sectional \nMaps of West ern Canada, 1871-\n1955: An Early Canadian Topo\u00ad\ngraphic Map Series. These \nsoftcove r booklets List sheets of \nsectio nal maps that contain \ntownship boundaries and topo\u00ad\ngra phic features. Each costs $15. \nContact : ACMLA, c/ o MAPS, \nNational Archives of Canada, \nOttawa, Canada K1A ON3; (613) \n99.3-1079.  ,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dfee30bc-478e-4931-aa5f-1123e303bbe5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Ottawa, Canada K1A ON3; (613) \n99.3-1079.  , \nNumber 13, Fail 1992 cartographic perspectives 25 \nco11ti1111ed from page 2 \nreceived her B.S. degree in chemis\u00ad\ntry (1961), and an M.S. (1964) and \nPh.D. (1969) degrees from the \nUniversity of Wisconsin in cartog\u00ad\nraphy and educational psychology. \nBarbara contributed more than \n50 articles, reviews , and essays to \nthe professional literature on \ntopi cs related to map design, \neducation, cognitive psychology \nand human factors, and computer\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 573e51b3-6413-474c-ac87-1dfa4c80405f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "and human factors, and computer\u00ad\nassisted vehicle navigation and the \nIntelligent Vehicle Highway \nSystem (]VHS). She is probably \nmost well recogni7ed for her co\u00ad\nauthored book on The Nature of \nMaps (with Arthur H. Robinson). \nBarbara was a member of the \nNorth American Cartographic \nInformation Society, the American \nCartographic Association, The \nAmerican Congress on Surveying \nand Mapping, the Associatio n of \nAmerican Geographe rs, and the \nInternational Cartographic Asso\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 13a357aa-807c-467f-8586-49227e46c6e4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "International Cartographic Asso\u00ad\nciation. Her service to these \norganizations included (among \nother things) Chair of the U.S. \nNational Committee for ICA, U.S. \nNational Committee for IGU, \nEditorial Board of The American \nCartographer (now Cartography \nand Geographic Information \nSystems), Comm ittee for Automo\u00ad\nbile Na\\'igational Aids, Society of \nAutomotive Engineers, and most \nrecently Vice Preside nt of the \nInternational Cartographic Asso\u00ad\nciat ion. Her dedication and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9ac8c6ba-5366-45fb-9588-27f33bc9c850
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ciat ion. Her dedication and \ncontributions to the cartographic \ncommunity will be sorely missed. \nMemorial contributions can be \nmade to either: Executive Director, \nNorlhwes tem Medical Faculty \nFoundation , 680 N. Lakeshore \nOrin~, Suite 1118, Chicago, IL \n60611, or the Barbara Petchenik \n'viemorial Fund , c/o David \nWoodward, University of Wiscon\u00ad\nsin, Department of Geography, 550 \n. Park Street, Madison, WI 53706 \n(the latter will be used to fund an \ninternationally sponsored annual"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 695364b5-9be1-41c1-9cbb-784913d09da6
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "internationally sponsored annual \nchi ldren's map pi ng competit ion). \nannouncements \nJ.B. Harley Research Fellowships \nin the History of Cartography . \nA fund in the memory of the late \nProfes or Brian Harley (Professor \nin the Geograp hy Department at \nthe University of Wisconsin\u00ad\nYiilwaukee) has been initiated to \nsupport the J.B. Harle11 Research \nFellow\"l1ips i11 tire Hi\"tory of Cartog\u00ad\nraphy. The target of \u00a340,00 will \nfund up to three fellowships per \nyear, each of one month's dura\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 099d8250-af7f-4121-8bb6-ad5fb4950d39
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "year, each of one month's dura\u00ad\ntion. Anyone pursuing advanced \nresearch in the field will be eli\u00ad\ngible, whatever their nationality, \ndiscipline or profession. Prefer\u00ad\nence will be given to interpretive \nstudies reflecting the notable \ncontributions made by Professor \nHarley. The awards will provide \nopportunity for intensive use of \nthe major London Co llect ions, \nnotably the British Library, . a\u00ad\ntional 'viaritime Museum, Public \nRecord Office and Royal Geo\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1fb020b0-1cb1-4b3f-a0c1-6bc82e296833
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Record Office and Royal Geo\u00ad\ngraphical Society, as well as others \nwithin reach of London. The \nFellowships will provide \"velcome \nstimulus to the academic study of \nthe history of cartography world\u00ad\nwide. It is anticipa ted that most of \nthe applicants will come from \noutside the United Kingdom. The \nTrust's officers are Professor \nP.D.A. Harvey (Chairman), Dr. \nCathe rine Delano Smith (Hon \nTreasurer) and, as T Ion. Secretary, \nTony Campbell, British Library"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6a9eab6e-e860-42da-9886-9a06119b4d43
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Tony Campbell, British Library \nMap Library , Great Russell Street, \nLondon WC1B 3DG, to whom \ncontributions (The J.B. Harley \nResenrc/1 Fellowships Tmst F1111d) or \nenquirie s may be sent. \nACSM 20th Annual Map Design \nCompetition \nThe American Ca rtograp hic \nAssociat ion of the American \nCongress on Surveying and \nMapping (ACSM) is aga in spon\u00ad\nsor ing their annual \\1ap Design \nCompetition to promote interest in \nmap design and to recogni ze \nsignificant design advances in"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 52def75d-cec1-4fd7-b9cd-b58eb90357de
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "significant design advances in \ncartography. The Map Design \nCompetition is open to all \nmapmakers in the United States \nand Canada. oted cartographers \nand designers judge entries based \non achievement of stated objec\u00ad\ntives, color, overall design and \nimpression , craftsmanship, and \ntypography . The winning entries \nwill be exhib ited on February 15\u00b7 \n18, 1993 at the ACSM Annual \nconventio n in New Orleans, \nLouisiana. Entries may also be \ndisplayed at a number of other"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2e4a2ae7-8222-4692-bfdb-3fa2f66765bb
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "displayed at a number of other \nnational and international profes\u00ad\nsional functions and will become \npart of the permanent collectio n of \nthe U.S. Library of Congress. All \nwinners will recei\\'e notification at \nleast two weeks before the ACSM \nAnnual Convention. Cash prizes \nwill be awarded in variou s catego\u00ad\nries. Only maps completed and/ \nor published in 1992 are eligible. \nThe deadline for entires is Decem\u00ad\nber 15, 1992. For more information \ncontact: Ms. Dierdre Bevington\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2ab58785-0c5e-438b-b608-78141fecc1b8
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "contact: Ms. Dierdre Bevington\u00ad\nAttardi, ACSM Map Design \nCompetition, c/o Cartographic \nDivision , :\\ational Geographic \nMagazine, 1600Y1 Street \u00b7w, \nWashington , D.C. 20036. \n1492: An Ongoing Voyage \nln August The Library of Congress \nopened a major Quincentenary \nexhibition, 1492: An Ongoing \nVoyage. The exhibition addresses \nthe worlds of America and the \nMediterranean on the eve of 1492, \nand looks at Columbu s's voyages \nand their continui ng consequences \nin the Americas from 1492-1600."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8cabfe63-3784-4f0e-83d4-8c734c91979f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "in the Americas from 1492-1600. \nThe exhibition draws extensive ly \non the rich collectio ns of the \nLibrary of Congress and is comp le\u00ad\nmented by objects from other \ninstitutions such as the Pierpont \nMorgan Library, Tulane univer\u00ad\nsity, the San Antoni o Museum of  26 cartograpl1ic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nArt, the \\foseum fur volkerkunde \n(\\'icnna) , the Alters Art Gallery , \nand from private individuals. \nThe exhibition includes an \nmtroductory film as well as 20"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d7bd8789-b081-4522-b3e8-ec37077c1c35
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "mtroductory film as well as 20 \nhighlighted stations that feature \noutstandi ng treasures from the \n15th and 16th centuries. 1492: A11 \nOngoi11g Vo11age is divided into \nthree sections: \"On the Eve of \n1492,\" \"The Atlanti c Voyage,\" and \n\"Europe Claims America.\" \nAmong the items on display in the \nexhibit arc The Library's unique \n1531 Huejotzingo (Mexico) Codex \n(an illuminated document, on \ndisplay for the first time), Caspar \nVopell 's 15-!3 manuscript terres\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 309f452f-8e8f-4445-a09f-448aebb2424d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Vopell 's 15-!3 manuscript terres\u00ad\ntrial globe, a 14th century sea chart \n(porto lan) of the Eastern Vfediter\u00ad\nranean, the 1507 Johann Ruysch \nworld map in Ptolemy's \nGeograpltia, Diego Gutier re7's map \nof America, and Martin \nWaldseemuller's 1507 \nCos111ogmplliae l11trod11ctio in which \nthe name America first appears. \n1492: A11 011go111g Vovage will be \non view in the Madison Gallery of \nthe James \\.iad ison Memorial \nBuilding, 101 Independence \nA\\\u00b7enue, S.E. from August 13, 1992"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 52917d7d-827d-4356-a155-bfcc2d4167b9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "A\\\u00b7enue, S.E. from August 13, 1992 \nthrough February 14, 1993. Hours \nfor the exhibition are 8:30 a.m. to \n9:30 p.m. Monday - Frida) , and \n8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday and \nSunday. \nDatabase on Geological Maps \nNow Available As USGS Report \nThe United States Geological \nSurvey (USGS) has released its \nbibliographic database of pub\u00ad\nlished geologica l maps for areas in \nthe united States and its Territo\u00ad\nries. The database, called \nGEOINDEX, contain s up-to-date \ninformation on geolog ic maps"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 036269c8-913f-44d1-b53f-843ef5d567c9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "information on geolog ic maps \npublished by the USGS, State \ngeological surveys, geoscie nce \nsocieties, and other publishers. \nThe database is accompanied by \nuses searc h and retrieval soft\u00ad\nware called GSSEARCH. \nGEOJ'\\JDEX origina ted in the \nlate 1970s to manage bibliographic \ndata from the USGS Geological \nMap Ind exes (G\\1 Js). The data\u00ad\nbase was conve rted to DOS in the \nmid 1980s. GEO!NlJEX includes \nall data on the GM Is, as '\"'ell as \ndata collec ted through mid-1991."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3270ca9e-8e21-44f5-9fc5-202b317cd081
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "data collec ted through mid-1991. \nGSSEARCH was developed by the \nUSGS to searc h GEO! DEX and \nother fielded databases on a \nmicroco mputer. The hardware \nrequir ements are an IBM-compat\u00ad\nible microcomputer (AT style or \nnewer recommended), high\u00ad\ndensity 5.25 floppy disk drive, \nhard disk \\Vi th 16 megabytes space \na\\'ailable, EGA color monitor, \n512K RA \\1, system configuration: \n20 files, 20 buffers. The softwa re \nrequirements are DOS 3.20 (or \nhigher). \nA repo rt on the databa se,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2d6cca6b-e868-4d17-a97b-c551a93b6bc6
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "higher). \nA repo rt on the databa se, \nentitled GEOINDEX Database 011 \nGeologic Maps Accessible Usi11s \nGSSEARCT-1 Search and Retrieval \nSoftware, has been prepared by H. \nKit Fuller and Gregory B. \nGun nells, and is a\\'ailable in hvo \nparts. Open-File Report 91-575-A \n(documentation only) is available \nfor $3.25 (paper) or $4 (microfich e); \nOpen-File Report 91-575-B (da ta\u00ad\nbase, sea rch software, and docu\u00ad\nmentation) is availab le for $84 (14 \n5.25 high density floppy disks)."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: db5bc101-39ea-43f3-abdc-ea49f0c1314a
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "5.25 high density floppy disks). \nThese items can be ordered from \nUSGS Books and Open-File \nReports, Box 25425 Federal Center , \nDenver, CO 80225. Include \npayment w ith your order. \nMichelin Job Opportunities \nMichelin Travel Publications has \nimmediate oppor tuniti es for \ncartog raphers at their u.S. head\u00ad\nquarters in Gree nvill e, South \nCarolina . These individual s will \nparticipate in all pha ses of map \nmaking and printing with respon\u00ad\nsibility for comp ilation , compu ter\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 692d92c0-8b09-4812-a5eb-e647e0308c7d
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "sibility for comp ilation , compu ter\u00ad\naided design, preparation and on\u00ad\npress quality assura nce of maps. \nQualified candidate s need a \nBachelor's or Master' s degree in \ncartograph y or directly related \nfield, with a minimum 3.0 GPA, or \n3-5 years professional experienc e. \nKnowledge of Macintosh, PC, and \nU IX workstation, and versatile \nprogramming skills are also \nneeded. Familiarity with carto\u00ad\ngra phic software, data base \ndevelopment and maintenance is"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 78e2cdab-7644-48ea-835e-2235aabecb1a
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "development and maintenance is \nrequired. Send resume and salary \nrequirement s to: Dept. CP, \n'\\!fichelin tire Corporation, P.O. \nBox 19001, Greenville, SC 29602-\n9001. \ncartographic events \nEVENTS CALENDAR \n1992 \nAugust 1992- February 14, 1993: \nThe Exhibition 1492: An Ongoing \nVoyage. Librar y of Congress, \nMadison Gallery of the Jame s \nMadi son Memorial Building , 101 \nIndependenc e A venue, S.E., \nWashington , D.C. \nSep tember 30- October 4: 24th \nAnnual Conference of the Inter\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 53ced97e-419b-4e54-9d97-695fd7e2a8cc
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Annual Conference of the Inter\u00ad\nnational Visual Literacy Associa\u00ad\ntion Imagery in Science and the \nArts. Pittsburg , PA. Contact: Dr. \nBarbara Seels, lnstrnctional Design \nand Technology, 4A 16 Forbes \nQuadrangle, Univer sity of \nPittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15260; \n(412) 648-7338, fax (412) 648-5911. \nOctober 6-9: GISOEX, the Geo\u00ad\ngraphic Information Systems \nConference and Exposition, \nFocusing on the Use of GIS in the \nFederal Government. The Wash\u00ad\ningto n Hilt on, Washin gton, D.C."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5cae06cb-4922-4963-8ee6-decdd285d01d
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ingto n Hilt on, Washin gton, D.C. \nContact: CSPDI, Inc. (301) 445-\n4500, fax (301) 445-5722.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartograp liic perspectives 27 \nOctober 14-17 \nNorth American \nCartographic Information \nSociety XII Annual Meetin g \nThe North American Carto\u00ad\ngraph ic Information Society \nwill hold its twelfth annual \nmeeting at the Ramada Inn in \nSt. Paul, MN. The prelimi\u00ad\nnary program for this year 's \nmeeting is listed on pages 31 \n- 33 of this issue of Carto\u00ad\ns mphic Perspectives. For more"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ce319641-209f-4276-a034-47faddd20b0e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "s mphic Perspectives. For more \ninformation contact Dr. \nJeffrey Patton , Progr am \nChair , Department of Geog\u00ad\nraphy, University of North \nCarolina at Greensboro, \nGreensboro, NC 27412; \n(919) 334-5388. \nNovember 6-1 2: GIS /LIS 1992 \nAnnual Conference and Exposi\u00ad\ntion . San Jose, CA. Conta ct: \nACS \\.1, 5410 Grosve nor Lane, \nBethesda, MD 20814; (301) 493-\n0200, fax (301) 493-8245. \n1993 \nFebruary 15-1 8: ACSM /ASPRS \nAnnual Convention . New Or\u00ad\nleans, LA. Conta ct: ACSM, 5410"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 90764119-c5b6-4791-942c-03f3c82eac56
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "leans, LA. Conta ct: ACSM, 5410 \nGrosve nor Lane, Bethesd a, MD \n20814; (301) 493-0200, fax (301) 493-\n8245. \nFebrua ry 15-18: 7th Annual \nSymposium on Geographic \nInformation Systems in Forestry, \nEnvironmental and Natural \nResourc es Management. \nVancouver, British Columbi a, \nCanada. Contact GIS 93 Sym po\u00ad\nsiu m Office, Suite 305, 1040 \nHamilto n Street, Vanco uver, \nBritis h Columbia, Ca nada, V6B \n2R9; (604) 688-0188, fax (604) 688-\n1573. \nMay 3-9: 16th International"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: cf4673e3-47e9-43c5-9f28-27af8944b540
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "1573. \nMay 3-9: 16th International \nCartographic Conference - ICC \n'93 . Cologne, Germany. Contact: \nconference Secretariat , AKM \nCongress Service, Clarastrasse 57, \nGH - 4005 Basel, Germany. \nMay 5-8: Geotechnica, the Inter\u00ad\nnational Fair and Congress for \nGeosciences and Technology . \nCologne, Germany. Cont act : \nKolnM esse U.S. Representa tive \nOffice, German Ameri can Cha m\u00ad\nber of Commerce Inc., 666 Fifth \nAve nue, 21s t Floor, New York, Y \n10103-0165; (212) 974-8836, fax"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 27735ad7-0c76-4071-ba8f-3ce3bf735632
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "10103-0165; (212) 974-8836, fax \n(212) 974-8838. \nApril 6-9: Association of Ameri\u00ad\ncan Geographers Annual Meet\u00ad\ning. Atlcinta, GA. Conta ct: Kevin \nKlug, AAG, 171016th St. N.W., \nWa shin gton, D.C. 20009-3198; \n(202) 234-1450. \nJun e 5-10: 84th Annual Confer\u00ad\nence of the Geography and Map \nDivision Special Libraries Asso\u00ad\nciation. Cincinn ati, OH. Contact: \nMs. Alice C. Hudson, Chief, Ytap \nDivi sio n, . Y.P.L., 5th Avenue a nd \n42nd Street, ew York, 'Y 10018; \n(212) 930-0588."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 01ac3e2e-c797-4404-8b3b-19d7d208f56b
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "42nd Street, ew York, 'Y 10018; \n(212) 930-0588. \nJun e 21-25: XVth International \nConference on the History of \nCartography. rewberry Library, \nUni versity o f Chicago , Chicago, IL. \nNACIS news \nNACIS OFFICERS \nPreside11t: Jack L. Dodd , \nTennessee Valley Authority , 1101 \nMarket St., HB l A, Chattanooga, \nT 37402-2801; (615) 751-5404. \nVice Prcside11t: Jeff Patton , \nDepartm ent of Geogra phv, \nUnivers ity of North Carolin a\u00ad\nGreensboro, Greensboro, NC \n27412; (9 19) 334-5388."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 04aa9d5a-e605-4699-a2ac-551388d183c4
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "27412; (9 19) 334-5388. \nSecretan1: Craig Remington , \nGeographv Depa rtment, Lnive r\u00ad\nsitv of Alaba ma, Tuscaloosa, AL \n35487; (205) 348-1536. \nTreasurer: Edward J. Hall, \n410 McGilvrey Hall, Kent State \nUniversity, Kent, OH 44240-0001; \n(216) 672-2017. \nPast Preside11t: James F. Fryman , \nDepa rtment of Geogra phy, Uni\u00ad\nversity of orthem 1owa, Cedar \nFalls, lA 50613; (319) 273-6245. \nNACIS EXECUTIVE OFFICER \nChristopher Baruth , NACIS, \nAmerican Geog raphic Society"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "American Geog raphic Society \nCollection, P.O. 399, Milwaukee, \nWI 53201; (800) 558-8993 or (414) \n229-6282; e-mail: cmb@csd4.csd. \nuw m.edu. \nBOARD OF DIRECTORS \nJames R. Ander son, Jr., FREAC, \n361 Bella my Build ing, Florida Sta te \nUniversity, Ta lla hassee, FL 32306; \n(904) 644-2883. \nRon Bolton, NOAA, 6010 Execu\u00ad\ntive Blvd, Room 1013, Rockv ille, \nMD 20852; (301) 443-8075. \nWill Fontanez , Depa rtmen t of \nGeog raphy, -108 G & G Buildi ng, \nUnive rsity of Tennessee, Knox\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Unive rsity of Tennessee, Knox\u00ad\nville, T 37996; (615) 974-2418. \nHull Mclean , 1602 Society \nCourt, Hernd on, VA 22070; (703) \n83+-3123. \nJim Minton , Map Library, \nUniversity of Tennessee, Room 1 5 \nHosk ins, Knoxv ille, TN 37996; \n(615) 974-4315. \nRuth Rowles , 337 Atwoo d D r., \nLexington, KY 40515; (512) 564-\n5174. \nJohn Sutherland , \\ .fap Collection, \nScience Libra ry, Gniversi ty of \nGeo rgia Libraries, Athens, GA \n30602; (404) 542-0690. \nINTER-AMERICAN \nCOMMITIEE"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5ddb3ec3-0c62-46b7-9740-9fdb239baa31
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "INTER-AMERICAN \nCOMMITIEE \nChair: Jim Minton , Map Library, \nUni\\'ers ity of Tennessee, Room 15 \nHos kins, Kno>..ville, TN 37996; \n(615) 974-4315.  28 cartograpl1ic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nNOM I NA TIO NS COMM ITTEE \nChair: James F. Fryman, Depart\u00ad\nment of Geography, University of \northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA \n50613; (319) 273-6245. \nCARTOGRAPHIC \nPERSPECTIVES \nEditor: Sona Karen tz A ndrews, \nDepartment of Geography, 208 \nSabin Hall , 3413 . Downer"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f4212f9b-ab59-4d0f-83bc-a4ae30741156
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Sabin Hall , 3413 . Downer \nAvenue, University of Wisconsin\u00ad\nMilw aukee, Milwaukee , WI 53211; \n(-114) 229-4872, fax (414) 229-398 1; \ne-mail: !:>Ona@csd4.csd.uwm.edu. \nAssistant Editor: Dav id W. Ti lton, \nDepartment of Geographv, 208 \nSabin Hall , University of Wiscon\u00ad\nsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI \n53211; (41-1) 229-4866, fax (414) 229-\n3981; e-mail: tilton@convex.csd. \nuwm.cdu. \nEDITORIAL BOA RD \nClinir: Michael Peterso n, Depart\u00ad\nment of Geography, University of"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ment of Geography, University of \nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, 'E \n68182; (402) 554-2662. \nMEMBERSHIP INFORMATION \nFor membership in the . orth \nAmerican Cartographic Informa\u00ad\ntion Society please fill out the form \nat the back of this issu e with your \nname, add res , name of your \norganization, your position and \nmention your cartographic inter\u00ad\nests along with a check payable to \n'AC IS to Edward J. llall , Trea\u00ad\nsurer, Map Library , 410 McGilvr ey \nHall , Kent State University, Kent,"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 00182c45-91c7-4e72-b530-5c08f04bfd79
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Hall , Kent State University, Kent, \nOH 44242-0001. Membership fees \nfor the calendar year are as fol\u00ad\nlows: \nIndividual / Regular \n528.00 U.S. \nStudents: 58.00 u.S. \nInstitutional: 558.00 U.S. \nMembership fees include subscrip\u00ad\ntion to Cartovapliic Perspectiiirs and \narc due January I. \nMinute s of the \nNACIS Board Meeting \nMarch 21, 1992 \nSt. Paul, Minne sota \nPresident Dodd called the meeti ng \nto order at 9:00 a.m. The following \nBoard members were present: Hull"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3257a165-48a9-4414-b646-c8ad666512ee
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Board members were present: Hull \nMcLea n, John Sut herland, Fred \nFryman, Jeff Patton, Jack Dodd, Ed \nHa ll, Jim Minton, Ruth Row les, \nCraig Remington , and Ron Bolton. \nAlso pre ent were Chris Baruth \n(Executive Director) , Mike \nPeterson (Chair, Editorial Board) \nand Greg Chu (Chair, Local \nArrangements Committee). \nTreas u res Repor t \nPresident Dodd asked that the \nminutes from Board \\1eetings of \nOctober 20, 21, and 23, 1991 be \naccepted and called upon Ed Hall"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ef5b8ba8-a10d-490a-b513-9f2dfa37bbe4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "accepted and called upon Ed Hall \nto present the Treasures Repo rt. \nHall reports a balance of $23,203.10 \nin the NAC IS account. Hall \nreports on a declining rate of \ninterest being earned on the \nbalance. He spoke concerning the \nneed to establish a bank account \nwhich will allow unlimited \ndeposits and withdra1.vals without \na loss of interest income. Dodd \nsuggests the present as timely in \nterms of centralizing financial \noperations to Milwaukee and \nasked Baruth to explore banking"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1d827b9d-eb7d-4998-ad65-47fff686a59b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "asked Baruth to explore banking \noptions in Wisconsin. Hall reports \nthe membership of ACIS totals \n280 active members, 44 institu\u00ad\ntional , 197 personal and 39 stu\u00ad\ndents. \nNACIS XII \nJeff Patton, program chair, an\u00ad\nnounced a call for papers for the \nSt. Paul program in various \npublications. Further announce\u00ad\nments will be made through a \ndirect mailing from our existing \nlist of potentia l participants. The \nBoard asked that Cartog raphic \nAnimat ion be added to the sug\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7fb9fd6f-9b94-4563-9237-c2d9e4abcc6e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Animat ion be added to the sug\u00ad\ngested topics list on the call for \npapers . The paper submission \ndeadline was moved back to June \n1. Dodd offer!> the support of the \nBoard to aid Patton in any way \npossib le. Greg Chu addressed the \nBoard concerning local arrange\u00ad\nments and offe red potential guest \nspeakers. The loca l program \nschedu le wi ll be distributed for \nd iscussio n during ou r summer \ntelephone conference. Brent \nAllison w ill be a co-chair with Chu \non local arrangements. Chu is"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7cb4a7ba-960b-4665-938f-722137c07722
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "on local arrangements. Chu is \ninvestigating possible local field \ntrips , transportation requirements \nand scheduling. The \\1ap Library \nat the Liniver!:>ity of Minnesota will \noffer a reception on a non-banquet \nnight with a gathering at Chu'-. \nrestaurant to follO\\v. Two concur \u00ad\nrent work!:>hop will be held at the \nUniversity of \\itinncsota. One will \naddress the uses of CorelDRA W \noftvvare and the other will deal \nwith animation cartography. \nEnrollment is limited to 20 partici\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 08498508-20d6-4443-907b-d32ea84bc734
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Enrollment is limited to 20 partici\u00ad\npants in each workshop. A fee \nschedule was adopted as follows: \nCorel Workshop - 550 for full \nconference participants, $100 for \nnon conference participants and \n$35 for !:>tudents. \nAnimated Cartography Work\u00ad\nshop - $70 full, $125 non, and 545 \nstudent. Interest continues for \nincorporating a workshop with \nMcintosh platforms as offered on \npast occas ions. Five enrollment \nslots will be set aside in each \nworks hop for student pa rticipa\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a38c58b9-3a2b-4d41-92ca-f0c00ab3f9a9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "works hop for student pa rticipa\u00ad\ntio n. The possibility of a Sunday \nworks hop session exists if demand \nwarrants. Concluding remarks on \nNACJS XH were offered by Ron \nBolton as he praises the prepara\u00ad\ntion which has taken place to \ninsure a successful meeting. \nNACIS XIII \nThe Board reviewed several \npotential sites for the Washington \nmeeting as offered by Bolton. \nFinal selection went to the Quality \nHotel in Silver Springs, Maryland. \nDates for the meeting will be"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e42f63dc-2aa9-4fdc-8e46-b47373fe6ee4
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Dates for the meeting will be \nfinalized so as not to conflict with \n1.C.G.E. Fred Anderson and Al  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 29 \nHerman were sugges ted as pos\u00ad\nsible local arrangemen t representa\u00ad\ntives. \nNACIS XI Final Report \nThe Board accepte d a Final Ex\u00ad\npense/ lncome Report from Baruth \non the Milwaukee meeting. In \nsummary, the report showed \nexpenses totaling $6266.80 and \nreceipts totaling $6665.50 for a \npositive balance of 5398.70. Total"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e0769a6f-58f7-4d74-825d-6dec652f688b
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "positive balance of 5398.70. Total \nconference attenda nce was re\u00ad\nported at 92 participants. \nSutherland made a motion to \nmaintain the same fee structure for \nfull participants to ACIS Xll as \nwas estab lished for ACIS Xl. The \nmotion was seconded and passed. \nJim Minton mad e a motion for a \ndaily registration fee to be set at \n$25 for stude nts and $45 for all \nother conference participants \nexcludin g meals. The motion was \nsecon ded and passed. \nCartographic Perspectives"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c2cae133-a40d-4ab0-9a22-392a38b4ba88
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "secon ded and passed. \nCartographic Perspectives \nBaruth announced that Sona \nAndrews had received approva l \nfrom her Dean to assume \neditorship of C.P. Baruth read a \nrepo rt prepared by Andrews \nwhic h ou tlined her progress \nthrou gh this tran sitional period. \nPatton points out that the Publica\u00ad\ntions Committee has in the past \nworked wit h the Editor in the \nselection of feature articles. The \nBoard asks for the Publications \nCommitt ee Chair (Mike Peterson)"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a2fdca00-a0b0-4171-b7d2-34a9a402b5b6
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Committ ee Chair (Mike Peterson) \nto wor k on revising the nam e of \nthe Committee to better reflect it's \nfunction. Furth er, the term of \nservice on the Comm ittee and the \nprofessional composi tion of the \nCom mitt ee members will be \nreviewed. An empha sis on \nacademic representation on the \nPublicatio ns Com mittee was felt to \nbe an asset in projecting a schol\u00ad\narly image of C.P. The Board joins \nin the principal that C.P. should \ntake on the style of the Editor."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7707b83d-c454-4e18-be9a-5b8e4925d210
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "take on the style of the Editor. \nForme rly allotted fund s for \npublication software have not been \nspent and remain at the disposa l of \nthe Editor. Dodd ask Baruth to \nconvey to And rews the need to \npublish C.P. in a timely manner. \nDodd further receives Board \nsuppo rt for production of a \nbrochure which promotes C.P. in \norder to broaden subscripti on. \nChu suggests that the Review \nCommittee for refereeing art icles \nbe placed in a more prominent \npage positio n in C.P. Ed Hall"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8a857be2-f507-4662-b0f2-17a58150e66c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "page positio n in C.P. Ed Hall \nasked to be released from the \nrespon sibility of maintainin g the \ncurrent data base for C.P. mailing \nlabels. It was agree that this task \nwould be moved to Milwaukee. \nBolton asks Dodd to select with the \nEditor a suitable time fram e for \nC.P. produ ction . The Board joins \nin thankin g Dave DiBiase and his \nstaff for their years of service on \nCartographic Perspectives. \nNACIS Dues Increase \nThis matter was tabled for later \ndiscuss ion."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4680e845-abb8-4e38-b6ad-3eab0eeb5718
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "This matter was tabled for later \ndiscuss ion. \nNominating Committee \nFred Fryman asked that an an\u00ad\nnouncement be placed in C.P. for \nnominations to Board positions. \nDodd encourages members of \nNAClS who have not served on \nthe Board to consider runnin g for a \nsea t. Terms expire this year for \nBolton, Mclean, Fontanez and \nHall. A question arose concerning \nthe maint enance of a permanent \nrecord of election result s. Dodd \nwill contact Diana Riveria for \nclarification on this matter ."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b9ee3e43-0ba6-42ca-998e-7cff6ff0d216
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "clarification on this matter . \nMembership Growth \nSubcommittee \nIn respo nse to her interest, Barbara \nTrapido has been asked to serve on \nthe subcommi ttee. Dodd will \nselect a new chair . \nCentralization and Incorporation \nBaruth reports that centralization \nof NACIS operatio ns continu es in \nMilwaukee. Incorporation of the \nSociety in Wisconsin has been \nrenewed with Baruth as the \nregist er agent. \nMission Statement \nThe question arose concerning the \nlan guage of our mission statement"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 533087a7-e47f-49da-9d1e-4773b9a7f568
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "lan guage of our mission statement \nas it relates to our non-profit status \nfor postage permits. Baruth will \ninvestigate permit app lication \nprocedures for mailings from \nMilwaukee. \nNACIS XIV \nThe Board discusse d potential sites \nfor this meeting, drawing from \nrespo nses to a questionnaire \nplaced before the membership. \nDodd suggests the use of a priva te \nresearch group to help in site \nselection to relieve Bolton of this \narduous task. The Board felt that \nNACIS should continue to seek"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b7a01408-0933-4548-8289-08e8d85bede9
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "NACIS should continue to seek \nad visement from the membership \nas to future sites. Patton spoke in \nfavor of Asheville, orth Carolina. \nAs in the past, the problem of \nfinding membe rs to serve on a \nlocal arrangemen ts commit tee \nlimited site options. Several \nmembers of the Board spoke \nconvinci ngly of the merits of \nOttawa. Here the point was made \nthat our Society's name has not \nlived up to our conference sites \nselection along with a general \ndesire to incorpora te more Canadi\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 666b5e5c-7a85-462d-b338-4f553ba2fc55
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "desire to incorpora te more Canadi\u00ad\nans into ACIS Minton and \nMclean will investigate facilities \nand planning for an Ottawa \nconference. \nCartographic Users Advisory \nCouncil Representative \nEd Hall was nominated to be the \nACIS representative to C.U.A.C. \nHe accepted the nomination and \nwas elected to the post. McLean \noffers a motion caJling for NACIS \nto suppo rt C.U.A.C. through a 550 \nannual contribution. The motion \npassed after discussion. Patton \noffers a 1T1otion calling for NACIS"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f8c59689-82a2-43ec-9207-02609bd92720
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "offers a 1T1otion calling for NACIS \nto support the Society's represen\u00ad\ntative to C.U.A.C. with a nominal \ncon tribution in order to help \ndefray the costs of attending \nmeetings. After discussion a \nfigure of $50 was arrived upon by \nthe Board. The motion was  30 cartograplzic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \namended, voted upon, and passed. \nNotebooks for President and Vice \nPresident \nDodd spoke of the value of main\u00ad\ntaining a notebook to be passed \nthrough the succession of Presi\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8c3f4581-3a7a-4e97-a1d1-9fbe5943fb39
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "through the succession of Presi\u00ad\ndents to aid in the continuity of the \nSociety's management. He i5 now \ncollecting such a notebook. \nOther Business \nMinton asks that it become a \npractice of the President to present \na \"State of the Society\" report to \nthe Board which would address \ncommittee assignments, duties of \noffice holders, and other matters \nwhich reflect upon the well being \nof the Society. The suggestion met \nwith Board support. Baruth asked \nthat a committee be formed to"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f8bbba7b-9d00-415d-8a20-9a5df84356a5
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "that a committee be formed to \naddress digital technology in the \nlibrary setting. Chu suggested a \nfuture workshop on the matter. \nChu further suggests that Pat \nMcGlamory might offer another \nconference session concerning this \nimportant topic. After brief \ndiscussion and yielding to the \npangs of hunger, President Dodd \nfinds that all necessary business \nhas been completed and adjourns \nat 5:10 p.m. \nCraig Re111111gto11, Secretary \nEXCHANGE PUB LI CA TIO NS"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c1076068-071e-44cc-a0bb-c8a4a9079e1c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "EXCHANGE PUB LI CA TIO NS \nCartographic Perspectiiieo:; gratefully \nackno'vvledges the publications \nlisted below, with which we enjoy \nexchange agreements. We con\u00ad\ntinue to seek agreements with \nother publicil lions. \nACSM B11//cti11. Offering feature \narticles, regular commentaries, \nletters, and news on legislation, \npeople, products and publications, \nthe American Congress on Sur\\'ey\u00ad\ning and Mapping's B11//eti11 is \npublished s1' times a year. Con\u00ad\ntact: \\ifembership Director, 5-no"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2c7b6f32-598b-4a22-a40b-90a3c5d2eac6
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tact: \\ifembership Director, 5-no \nGrosvenor Lane, Bethesda, MD \n20814; (301) 493-0200. \nB11/leti11 of tire Society of Cartogra\u00ad\nphers. Published twice a year, the \nB11//et111 features articles on tech\u00ad\nniques and ideas applicable \nto the Car tographic Dra\u00b7wing \nOffice. Contilct: John Dysart, \nSubscriptions Manager, Room 51-1, \nMiddlesex Polytechnic, \nQueensway, Middlesex, E '3 4SF, \nEngland. ' \nCarto11clre. A quarterly publication \noffering news and anl1ouncements"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d45a80c4-b728-45c9-aed4-c2ccec2d59ac
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "offering news and anl1ouncements \nto members of the CCA. Contact: \nCanadian Carto~raphic Associa\u00ad\ntion, c/ o Jim Britton, Sir Sandford \nFleming College, School of atural \nResources, P.O. Box 8000, Lindsay, \nOntario K9V 5E6 Canada; (705) \n32-1-9144; e-mail: britton@trentu.ca; \nfax: (705) \n324-9716. \nCartograplrica. A quarterly journal \nendorsed by the Canadian Carto\u00ad\ngraphic Association/ Association \nCanadienne de Cartographie that \nfeatures articles, reviews and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 619198e3-76ac-46fa-b9a9-dce6f7c9225d
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "features articles, reviews and \nmonographs. B V Gutsell, founder \nand editor. lSS 0317-Tl73. \nContact: University of Toronto \nPress Journals Department, 5201 \nDufferin Street, Downsview, \nOntario, M31 l 5T8 Canada; (416) \n667-7781. \nCartographic /011mal. Biannual \nJournal of the British Cartographic \nSociety. Includes research articles, \n'shorter' articles, official records of \nthe Society, book re\\'ien1s, and list \nof recent cartographic literature. \nContact: Hon. Secretary, Charles"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a10d7357-60d4-457e-b8d1-9e02055ede2f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Contact: Hon. Secretary, Charles \nBeattie, 13 Sheldrake Gardens, \nl lordle, Lymington, Hants, S04 \nlOFJ, Engfand. \nCartography. Biannual Journal \nof the Australian Institute of \nCartographers. Each issue con\u00ad\ntains two parts, the Journal proper \nand the Bulletin. The Journal \ncontains original research papers, \npapers describing applied carto\u00ad\ngraphic projects, reviews of \ncurrent cartographic literature and \nabstracts from related publications. \nISS 0069-0 05. Contact: John"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8b3194a1-baa3-4e90-bd9d-6c3a20e6d306
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ISS 0069-0 05. Contact: John \nPayne, Circulation Manager, GPO \nBox 1292, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, \nAustra lia. \nCartography Specialtv Group News\u00ad\nletter. Triannual Publication of the \nCartography Specialty Group of \nthe Association of American \nGeographers. Features news, \nannouncements and comics. \nContact: Ann Goulette, Editor, \nIntergraph Corporation, 2051 \nMercator Drive, Reston, VA 22091-\n3414; (703) 264-7141; e-mail: \nann@pluto.ne1300.ingr.com. \nCarto111a11ia. This quarterly news\u00ad"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 864e0ef4-99a0-414a-b125-c348ae7b77e2
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Carto111a11ia. This quarterly news\u00ad\nletter of the Association of Map \nMemorabilia Collectors offers a \nunique mix of feature articles, \nnews, punles, and announce\u00ad\nments of interest to cartophiles. \nISS~ 0894-2595. Contact: \nSiegfried Feller, publisher/editor, \n8 Amherst Road, Pelham, MA \n01002; (413) 253-3115. \nGeotimes. Monthly publication of \nthe American Geological Institute. \nOffers news, feature articles, and \nregular departments including \nnotices of new software, maps and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ecd1df89-9a31-409c-b75c-8dd7472eb4ed
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "notices of new software, maps and \nbooks of mterest to the geologic \ncommunity. Articles frequently \naddress mapp ing issues. ISSN \n0016-8556. Contact: Geotimes, \n4220 King Street, Alexandr ia, VA \n22302-1507. \nGIS World. Published six times \nannually, this ne\\\\'S magazine of \nGeographic Information Systems \ntechnology offers news, features, \nand co\\'erage of events pertinent to \nGlS. Contact: Julie Stutneit, \nManaging Editor, GIS World, Inc., \nP.O. Box 8090, Fort Collins, CO"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 90eded2d-d891-4c1a-a0e5-44256fe7bffe
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "P.O. Box 8090, Fort Collins, CO \n80526; (303) 223-4848; fax: (303) \n223-5700. \nl11for111atw11 Design jo11mal. \nTriannual publication of the \nInformation Design Unit. Features \nresearch articles reporting on a \nwide range of problems concern\u00ad\ning the design and use of visual \ninformation. Contact: Infor mation \ndesign journa l, P.O. Box 185, \nMilton Keynes MK7 6BL, England. \nPerspecti'1.1L'. This news letter of the \national Council for Geographic \nEducation ( CGE) is published"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ac4d1684-3761-4fe3-b764-ab22253acdfe
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Education ( CGE) is published \nfive times a year in October, \nDecember, February, April and \nJune. ews items related to 1CGE \nacti\\'ities and geographic educa\u00ad\ntion are featured. Contact: NCGE, \nLeonard 16A, Indiana University \nof Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA \n15705; bitnet: CLMCCARD@IUP.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartograpl1ic perspectives 31 \nOctober 14-17, 1992 \nSt. Paul, Minnesota  32 cartographic perspectives Number 13, Fall 1992 \nNACIS XII \nConference Schedule \n(Preliminary) \nWednesday Oct. 114"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 39876d54-3bb1-49f7-9005-1804ecdeffcc
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "(Preliminary) \nWednesday Oct. 114 \n2:00 p.m. Registration Begins \n2:00 - 5:00 ACIS Board Meeting \n7:30 - 8:00 OPENF\\G SESSION \nWelcome to The Twin Cities \nGreg Chu \nWelcome to NACIS XII \nJeff Patton \n8:00 - 9:00 Opening Address \nJohn Fraser Hart , Profo~sor, \nDepartment of Geography, Unh'L'!\"Sitv of \nMinm.\u2022 .. ota. \n9:00 - 11 :00 Opening Exhibits / \nPosters (Cash Bar Social) \nThursday, Oct. 15 \n8:30 - 10:00 a.m. SESSI0:-..1 A \n\"Child Development and Carto\u00ad\ngraphic Education\" Papers bv"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 860246b2-9287-4a05-bce7-f183c2011002
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "graphic Education\" Papers bv \nPsychologish and Cartogr,1phers on how \nchildren de,\u00b7elop \u2022pati,11 aw,iren~,. and the \nimplic,1tio11s for geogrnph1c and c,irto\u00ad\ngraphic educat ion. Organii'l'r - Henry W. \nCas tner. \nCO. CURRENT SESSI01 B \n\"Federal Mapping Agencies \" \nOrgani/ers - Ron Bolton and Charle!> \nHarrington. \n10:00 - 10:30 Break \n10:30 - 12:00 SESSIO C \n\"The Development of Spatial \nAwareness\" A panel disc ussion of \nSes\"ion A's papers on thb top ic. \nOrganiters - Herbert Pick .ind Henry"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d62cad1f-ae2f-4842-ae09-835dfd4928ae
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Organiters - Herbert Pick .ind Henry \nCastner. \nCONCU RRENT SESSIO D \n\"Electronic Atlases and Digital \nData Bases\" Org.1ni7er - Thomas \nHodler \n12:00 - 1:00 Lunch Break \n1:30 - 5:00 p.m. 'fecnnical and \nLocal Tours \n- Minnesota Department of Transporta\u00ad\ntion \n-:R.iverboat Tour of the Twin Cities Area \n--Minne sota Historical Society Map \nCollection \nAl'\\NUAL BANQUET \n6:30 - 7:30 Cash Bar \n8:30 - $1:00 President 's Remarks \njack Dodd \n9:00 - 10:00 Banquet Address"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "jack Dodd \n9:00 - 10:00 Banquet Address \nArthur H. Robinson , Prot~'>5Q r \nFmeritus , Deptnrtmt>11t of Geography \nL ni\\ ar'itv on\\'l5con. l~ \\iad1\"<.m. \nFriday, Oct. 16 \n8:30 - 10:00 a.m. SESSIO E \n\"Software Use in Cartographic \nProduction with an Emphasis on \nthe Small Lab\" Orb\"am:wr' - Jo-.eph \n<,toll ,md Donna Schl'nstrom. \nCO 'Cl.J RRENT SESSIO F \n\"Communication and Cognition \nin Mapping\" Oq.~amzers - <;cou \nFruend\"<:huh, Riley Jaco~ and Marga ret \nPearce . \n10:00 - 10:30 Break"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 30bc5578-006d-45ec-a9e9-3dfd40f67d22
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Pearce . \n10:00 - 10:30 Break \n10:30- J2:00 SESSION G \n\"Interactive Videodisc Mapping \nProject\" Organizu!.-SO!kl Andrews, \nhris Baruth, David Tilton and Yvonne \nBode. \nCO. CURRE \u00b7r SESSION H \n\"Map Librarians Speak to Geog\u00ad\nrapher s and Cartographers: What \nWe <::an Do For You and How \nto Get What You Need From Us\" \nA o,eries of bnef prl'\u00b0'cntatiom followed b~ \n,m e'tcndcd panel di,.,cussion. Organizer -\n'\\Janey Kandoian. \n12:00 - 2:00 p.m. Lunch Buffet \nand Annual Business Meeting"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a464fb76-7e30-4196-8dc7-7c67d6c833d0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "and Annual Business Meeting \n2:00 - 4:00 SESSION 1 \n\"Cartographic Education\" A panel \ndiscussion ol cu rrent trend., in unl\\\u00b7e~1ty \ncartograp hic education Pane l includes \nrcpresentatin~c; trom acildcm ia, the public \nsector, and com mercial cartographic firms. \nOrganize r - keith Rice. \nCQncurrent SESSION J \n\"Map librarians and Digital \nData\" Organizers - Patrick \nMcGlamery , Jim Minton and \nJohnn y Sutherland. \n4:00-6:00 NACIS Board Meeting \nSaturday , Oct. 17 \nWorkshops"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 541d0442-4a75-41e2-9578-db4e475ec647
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Saturday , Oct. 17 \nWorkshops \nBt.-.c,., lc,l\\\"e at b:30 a.rn . for work.ho?\" at \nthl' Umve rsit} of \\ilinne.,ota. \n9:00-12:00 Map Producition and \nDesign using Corel Draw - Greg \nChu (Note; This i~ a morning ~~ion only. \nIf the re is e11trng h interest , it may be \nrepeated in tbe aftern Ootl.l. \n9:00-4:30 Macintosh Animation \nMichael Peter,.,on, Riley faqibs, John \nKrvgier, Cathcrme Recv<.>s, Da\\\"id Tiiton. \n9:00-4:30IBM-Based Animation -\nPhil Gcr~hmel \nSocial events for non-workshop"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9ed1b95d-1bb8-4834-99dc-7f1f4499e13c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Phil Gcr~hmel \nSocial events for non-workshop \nparticipants: \n8:30-12:00 Visit to the Megamall \n\"Mall of America\" \n1:30-? Treasure Island Casino \n{C.1sino will provide :,hutt le). \n5:00 Wine and Cheese Reception \nUmver:,1ty of Mmnesota M,1p Library & \nCartograp hv L.1boratory.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartographic perspectives 33 \nWorkshops \nIBM-based Map Design \nand Production \nSaturda y, 10/17/92 \n9:00-12:00 noon \nCost 550 ($100 for non\u00ad\nregistered participants, $35 \nfor registe red students)"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ce6d34fd-5a1e-4556-9b58-bdfaac249d27
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "for registe red students) \nYou will receive hands-on \ntraining in creating maps \nusing Corel Draw! 3.0. The \ndifferences between tradi \u00ad\ntional and computer-assis ted \ndesig n method s will be \nanalyzed. Participants will \nreceive a set of public do\u00ad\nmain base map files to take \nwith them. \nSoftware and Instructor: \nCore l Draw! 3.0 - Gregory Chu, \nDirector, cartogra phy Lab, Univer\u00ad\nsity of Minnesota. \nNOTE : This workshop may be \noffered again in the afternoo n \ndepending on the response."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ca981b2a-0d40-42d1-bd8f-b8a7705298e3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "depending on the response. \nIBM-based Animation \nSaturday, 10/17/92 \n9:00-4:30 \nCost $70 ($125 for non\u00ad\nregistered participants, $45 \nfor registered students) \nYou will learn the basic \nprinciples of designing and \nprodu cing dynamic ani\u00ad\nmated maps for bro adcas t \npurposes. The workshop \nwill be conducted with a \ncombination Df le~res, \nexplanations, demonstra\u00ad\ntions, and hands-on exer\u00ad\ncises. There will be opportu\u00ad\nnities for questions. \nSof hvare and Instructo r:"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 04a2f690-a77d-4962-a24a-b7cf8992ab0c
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Sof hvare and Instructo r: \nAutodesk Animator - Professor \nPhilip J. Gershmel, University of \n:vlinnesota . \nMacintosh Animation \nSaturday, 10/17/92 \n9:00-4:00 \nCost : $75 ($125 for non\u00ad\nregistered participants , $45 \nfor registered stude nts) \nYou will explore the basic \nprinciples and techniques of \ncartographic animation \nusing a variety of software \ndemonstrated by five differ\u00ad\nent instructors. Twenty five \nMacinto sh Iki computers \nwill be available so that \nworkshop attendees will"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c5ca7ad4-68d8-4d4d-9de6-633e5cb53c46
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "workshop attendees will \nhave hands-on experience in \ncreating their own anima\u00ad\ntions. \nSoftware and Instructor s: \nMacChoro II, Adobe Premiere \nand QuickTime - Michael \nPeterson , University of Nebraska \nat Omaha. \nHypercard - Riley Jacobs, Univer\u00ad\nsity of. ebraska at Omaha. \nMacromind Director - John \nKrygier and Catherin e Reeves, \nPennsylvania State University; \nDavid Tilton, University of Wis\u00ad\nconsin-Milwaukee.  34 cartographic perspective s Numb er 13, Fall 1992 \nFEATURED PAPERS"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c2389a51-ad6a-416e-8022-48f6e7a49df5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "FEATURED PAPERS \nEach issue of C11rfo~mpl11l Perspec\u00ad\nfil'c~ includes featured papers, \nwhich are refereed articles report\u00ad\ning original work of interest to \nNACIS' diverse membership. \nPapers ranging from theoretical to \napplied topics are welcome. \nProspective authors are encour\u00ad\naged to submit manuscripts to the \nEditor or to the Chai rperson of the \nNACIS Editorial Board. Papers \nmay also be solicited from present \u00ad\ners at the annual meeting and from \nother sources. Paper\"> should be"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0f1b2932-4f67-4891-9ca7-3620847cb43a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "other sources. Paper\"> should be \nprepared exclusively for publica\u00ad\ntion in CP, with no major portion \npreviously published elsewhere. \nAll contributions will be re\\\u00b7iewed \nby the Editorial Board , whose \nmembers will advise the Editor as \nto whether a manuscript is appro\u00ad\npriate for publicat ion. Final \npublication d ecis ions rest with the \nEditor, who reserves the rig ht to \nmake editorial changes to ensure \nclarity and consistency of style. \nREVIEWS \nBook reviews , map re,\u00b7ie\\'\\'S, and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e595d30b-66a6-4478-862c-d7c26e01987a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "REVIEWS \nBook reviews , map re,\u00b7ie\\'\\'S, and \nmapping c;oftware re\\\"iews are \nwelcome. The Editor will solicit \nreviews for artifacts received from \npublishers. Prospective reviewers \nare also invited to contact the \nEditor directly. \nFUGITIVE CARTOGRAPHIC \nLITERATURE \nInform ation of interest to map \nmaker s, librari ans, and ed ucators \nappea rs in diverse publications. \nWe invite synopses of reviews, \nnews , and papers found in outlet s \nnot usually associated wit h"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0776f737-6807-47db-b8cd-39af4c017c91
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "not usually associated wit h \ncar tography , map librarianship, or \ngeography. \nTECHNICAL GUIDELINES \nFOR SUBMISSION \nCartographic Per,pccfh>cs is d e\u00ad\nsigned and produced in a micro\u00ad\ncomputer enviro nment. Therefor e, \ncontributions to er should be \nsubmitt ed in digital form on 3..5\" \ndiskettes. Please send a paper \ncopy along with the disk, in case it \nis damaged in transit. \nText documents proc esse d with \nMacintosh softwa re s uch as \nWriteNow, WordPerfect, Word, and"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3d4d4bab-5f72-4499-852e-b41e102b2a22
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "WriteNow, WordPerfect, Word, and \nMac Write are preferred, as well as \ndocuments generated on IBM PCs \na nd compatible s using \nWordPerfect or Word. ASCH text \nfiles are also acceptable. \nPostScript grap hics gene rated \nwit h Adobe J//11strafor or Aldus \nFreeHnnd for the \\ita cintos h or \nCore l Systems' Corel Draw for DOS \nco mputer s are preferred , but \ngene ric PICT or TIFF format \ngrap hics files are usua lly compat\u00ad\nible as well. \nFor those lackin g access to"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 732df31d-74b1-4875-91f0-f91628ec1a4a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "ible as well. \nFor those lackin g access to \nmicrocomputers, typ ed submi s\u00ad\nsions will be c heerfully acce pted . \nManually produced gra phic s \nshould be no larger than 11 by 17 \ninches, designed for scanning at \n600 dpi reso luti on (avoid fine\u00ad\ngrain ed tint screens). Continuous\u00ad\ntone photographs w ill also be \nsca nned. \nLiteratur e cited should conform \nto the Chicago Manual of Style, \n13th ed ., University of Chicago \nPress, Chapter 16, sty le \"B\". \nExamples of the co rrect citation"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 263e8825-ff90-4851-bddc-c6d077af78a2
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Examples of the co rrect citation \nform appear in the feature articles \nof this issue. \nSubmi ssio ns may be sent to: \nSona Kare ntz Andrews, Depart\u00ad\nment of Geography, 208 Sabin \nHall , 3413 . Down er Avenue, \nUniversity of Wisco nsin-Milwau\u00ad\nkee, Milwaukee, WI 53211; (414) \n229-!872, fa\\. (414) 229-3981; e\u00ad\nmail: sona@csd4.csd. uwm.edu . \nCartogrnplzic Perspectives \nEDITOR IA L BOA RD \nM icliacl Pcterso11 \nUniversity of Nebraska\u00ad\nO ma ha \nCharles Rader \nMich igan Sta te University"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 55aaff01-7ab6-4371-b21a-09ce270db6d0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Charles Rader \nMich igan Sta te University \nNa11cy Ryck1111111 \nUnive rsity of North Carolina\u00ad\nGreens boro \n0 0111111 Scl1c11sl ro111 \nUniversity of Wisconsin\u00ad\nMilwaukee \nMarsha Selmer \nUnive rsity of Illin ois-Chicago \nCOLOPHON \nThis document was d esktop\u00ad\npubli shed at the Department of \nGeogra phy, University of Wiscon\u00ad\nsin-Milwaukee, using Macintosh \nIlci computers. Word processing \nwas accomplished primarily with \nWord 4.0; page layout with \nPageMaker 4.2. Graphics not"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 80807f39-cf21-4b86-901e-6c98f870f224
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PageMaker 4.2. Graphics not \nrendered with Aldus FreeHaJ1d 3.1 \nwere sca nned from paper origi\u00ad\nnals. The PngeMaker document \nwas output by an Agfa ProSet 9800 \nat 2400 dpi. The bulletin was \nprint ed by offset lithography on \nWarren Patina 70# text stoc k. Text \ntype is set in Palatino, a face \ndesigned by Herman Zapf. The \nissue number dictated black as the \ncover color.  Number 13, Fall 1992 cartograplzic perspectives 35 \nNACIS membership form"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 94a2c1c4-ac33-43aa-9599-c5cbe1ed1ce0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "NACIS membership form \nNorth American Cartographic Information Society \nSociedad de Informaci6n Cartografica Norte Americana \name / rombre: \nAdd ress / Direcci6n: \nOrganization / Afiliaci6n profesiona l: \nYour position / Posici6n : \nCartograp hic interests / Intereses cartograficos: \nProfessional memberships/ Socio de organizaci6n: \nMembership Fees for the CalendaI Year*/ \nValor de n6mina de socios paia el afio: \nIndividual/Regular: $28.00 U.S./ E.U. \nStudents/Estudian tes: $8.00 U.S./E.U ."}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4e45e876-1f8f-4385-9bc9-465c5a5bcda0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Students/Estudian tes: $8.00 U.S./E.U . \nInstituti onal/Miembros institucional es: \n$58.00 U.S./E.U. \nMake all checks payable to/ \nManden sus cheques a: \nNACIS \nc/ o Edwa rd J. Hall , Treasurer \nMap Library \n410 McGilvrey Hall \nKent State University \nKent, OH 44242-0001 \n*Member ship fees include subscript ion to Cartograpltic Perspectives.  The North American Cartographic Information Society \n(NACIS) was founded in 1980 in response to the need for a multidisciplinary"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3b3d5e04-c68f-49f8-aaa3-be694c720270
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "organization to facilitate communication in the map information commu\u00ad\nnity. Principal objectives of NACIS are: \n\u00a7 to promote communication, coordination, and cooperation \namong the producers, disseminators, curators, \nand users of cartographic information; \n\u00a7 to support and coordinate activities with other professional \norganizations and institutions involved with \ncartographic information; \n\u00a7to improve the use of cartographic materials through \neducation and to promote graphicacy;"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 99769b32-5e15-4a73-b64f-bdf1765a3f86
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "education and to promote graphicacy; \n\u00a7to promote and coordinate the acquisition, preservation, \nand automated retrieval of all types of cartographic material; \n\u00a7 to influence government policy \non cartographic information. \nNACIS is a professional society open to specialists from private, academic, \nand government organizations throughout North America. The society \nprovides an opportunity for Map Makers, Map Keepers, Map Users, Map"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4ae5ea78-ef53-41eb-88aa-3213ebcd7291
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Educators, and Map Distributors to exchange ideas, coordinate activities, and \nimprove map materials and map use. Cartographic Perspectives, the \norganization's Bulletin, provides a mechanism to facilitate timely \ndissemination of cartographic information to this diverse constituency. It \nincludes solicited feature articles, synopses of articles appearing in obscure \nor non-cartographic publications, software reviews, news features, reports"}


created_at: 2026-04-08 05:40:50
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 47098374-49cb-4f51-8d14-4f7e9f4d39ad
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "929", "lesson_id": "1209", "content_id": "1767", "file_name": "pkpadmin  1008 4741 1 CE_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "(conferences, map exhibits, new map series, government policy, new degree \nprograms, etc.), and listings of published maps and atlases, new computer \nsoftware, and software reviews. \nDepartment of Geo graphy \nUniversity of Wisconsin -Milwaukee \nP.O. BOX413 \nMilwaukee , WI 53201 \nNONPROFIT ORG. \nU.S. POSTAGE \nPAID \nMILWAUKEE, WI \nPERMIT NO. 864"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6655513c-96b9-4356-87cc-9ecfc0de4c7f
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Java, a programming language that is used almost everywhere. Some of us like it while others try to avoid it as much as they can. Let's learn Java in 5 minutes. But before that, why Java is so popular? Why was it developed in the first place? To find answer to these questions, let's go back in time and explore how Java was born. In the early 1990s, there was a growing need for a platform-independent language to write software that could run on various electronic devices. While C and C++ were"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2f869061-9601-4b02-8680-36c9c97423a0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "various electronic devices. While C and C++ were the popular choices at that time, they were considered platform-dependent. So, there was a need for platform-independent language. Recognizing this need in 1991, James Gosling and his team began developing a new programming language initially named OPE. But later, it got a name change in 1995 to something you are probably very familiar with. Java. Fast forward to today. Java stands as one of the most widely used programming languages, and it is"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
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id: f4e114c4-ca49-4d90-b131-fc8755d4eb52
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "most widely used programming languages, and it is used everywhere from Android development, web application, gaming, embedded systems and more. Its syntax is similar to C and C++ language, but with automatic memory management that makes it more secure. The mantra of Java is, right once, run everywhere, highlighting its platform independence. Unlike C or C++, where source code is compiled into machine language, Java compiled source code into bytecode, which can run on any platform using the Java"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8966d019-45d0-4bbb-993b-c68a45672fcf
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "which can run on any platform using the Java virtual machine. This unique feature makes Java both a compiled and interpreted programming language. To embark on your Java journey, the first step is to create a class using the class keyword. It's important to note that your file name should match your class name. Oh, and remember, Java is an object-oriented programming language. So, you should be familiar with some basic object-oriented programming concepts. You know, I don't have any idea what"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 44e090c4-c4bf-4e1e-aedc-4bb0207800dc
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "concepts. You know, I don't have any idea what that means. Don't worry, I've got your back. A single line of code is a statement. When you group multiple statements together, you create a function. Then, when you group multiple functions and statements, you create a class. Think of a class as a template that describes how to create something. Let's take a real-world example, a car. Imagine a class as the basic blueprint of a car, where you can define its characteristics like color and the"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 08dc1a7b-b1f8-4ae6-90bf-3beb063419b7
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "can define its characteristics like color and the number of fields. These are called attributes. To create a car with these attributes, you use a constructor, which has the same name as the class itself. A car can perform actions like starting, stopping, honking and more. To define these actions for a car, you create functions within the car class. These functions are called as methods. Metters and functions essentially mean the same thing. But when we use functions within a class, we call them"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 883047cf-7e18-4741-9f0e-4fed8c6bde9e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "we use functions within a class, we call them methods. Now, up until now, we have only created a blueprint for a car, not an actual car. To create an actual car based on this blueprint, you use the class name, followed by an object name of your choice, and then the new keyword. And finally, the class name again, with attributes in brackets. This way, you have created your first car using the car class. You can create as many cars as you want and access the methods of each car separately. These"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 81c88548-986d-406f-8644-a791b84eeab1
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "access the methods of each car separately. These objects are also called as an instance of a class. Let's get back to creating our basic program. You start by defining a class with the same file name, and then there is something important to remember. Public static void main string arcs. This is where we create our main function. Public static void is the return type of our function, and the actual code goes inside curly braces. To print something, you can use system.out.println with whatever"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 59e8ded5-2e65-424e-b240-5699f309ed55
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "you can use system.out.println with whatever you want to print inside the parentheses. Now you might wonder about public and static. Public is an access specifier, which controls who can access this main function. There are four main access specifiers in Java. Public private protected and default. Public means anyone can access it. Private means only the same class can access it. That means it can be accessed within the same class and its subclasses. And when you don't specify any access"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ad34284a-3ac1-4d50-980b-ad2f5abea5f6
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "subclasses. And when you don't specify any access specifier, it defaults to package private, which means it can be accessed by anyone within the same package, but not from outside. Now let's talk about static. Static is used to create variables and methods that belong to a class rather than an instance of a class. For example, in our car class, you can access variables and methods after creating an object. But if you declare a static variable like number of cars and increment it in the"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: be8c49b3-fcd3-48d7-8c32-d9f9c6f1f389
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "like number of cars and increment it in the constructor, you can access the number of cars without creating an object. This is different from non-static variables and methods. Since static variables and methods belong to the class itself, objects created from that class share the same value for static variables. If you change the value of a static variable in one object, it reflects in all other objects too. Now our main function is the entry point of our program. So it needs to be accessible"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 06:13:04
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3d6a3030-ee45-4c30-9cf3-538dda7c57b6
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "935", "lesson_id": "1215", "content_id": "1773", "file_name": "Learn Java In 5 Minutes   _v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "of our program. So it needs to be accessible without creating an object. That's why we use the static keyword. And then string args is used to pass command line arguments to our Java program. Once you are done with your coding, you can use Java C followed by your file name to compile your Java code into byte code. Then use Java followed by your file name to run your Java program. This was Java in 5 minutes and here's your certificate. Now go ahead and make your own Minecraft game."}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:01:10
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e93810f3-af7c-4011-b105-75ab105c2c92
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "936", "lesson_id": "1216", "content_id": "1774", "file_name": "videoplayback_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Hello, I'm here in the printmaking room and I just wanted to give you a quick overview of this artistic media. Printmaking basically involves working with some type of surface, applying ink to that surface and then being able to make multiple images or prints. There are four basic types of printmaking, relief, entalio, lithography, and silk screen. Relief printmaking is when you make a print from some kind of raised surface. The concept is as simple as a dirty shoe prints on the floor or marks"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:01:10
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3dca7315-7386-44ec-ac0c-1e9360eb5969
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "936", "lesson_id": "1216", "content_id": "1774", "file_name": "videoplayback_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "as a dirty shoe prints on the floor or marks made by pressing a rubber stamp into ink. Relief prints are often made using material like wood, linoleum, and styrofoam, or really anything that will allow the artist to cut away the white areas or the areas that they don't want to receive ink. A roller is then used to spread ink over that raised surface and the design is transferred to paper through applying pressure. The entalio process describes prints that are made by cutting the lines of an"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:01:10
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4c17708b-c489-4684-b996-8824274c3b99
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "936", "lesson_id": "1216", "content_id": "1774", "file_name": "videoplayback_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "prints that are made by cutting the lines of an image into the surface of a smooth sheet of metal. To make a print, ink is pushed into these inside lines and then the whole surface is wiped clean so that the only areas with the ink are the lines of the design. The plate is then pressed onto a wet sheet of paper transferring the ink design onto the paper. Lithography is a little different in that no incisions are made into the surface. This process works in the principle that grease attracts"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:01:10
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9c69f89d-8616-4b4a-abe8-2926bbc09372
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "936", "lesson_id": "1216", "content_id": "1774", "file_name": "videoplayback_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "works in the principle that grease attracts grease but it also repels water. So when working with lithography, a design is drawn onto the surface of a flat stone with some kind of greasy material, usually a grease crann or something like that. And then water and printing ink are applied. A design can be made based on the fact that the greasy parts absorb the ink and the wet parts don't. Silk screen or screen print is a type of stencil printing process. The artist makes a stencil of their"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:01:10
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 304f0fdc-2859-4a66-8755-1b98fb4272b7
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "936", "lesson_id": "1216", "content_id": "1774", "file_name": "videoplayback_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "process. The artist makes a stencil of their design, places it under a sheet of silk and then uses a squeegee to spread the ink over the stencil and onto the surface below. Artists don't have to make an external stencil. They can actually block out their images directly onto the screen using glue, gum, Arabic, shellac or through the photo-emotion process. When Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1450, it completely changed the world. All of a sudden, books didn't have to be copied by hand."}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:01:10
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 32647e6d-b070-4357-8c1f-34f0bb73215b
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "936", "lesson_id": "1216", "content_id": "1774", "file_name": "videoplayback_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "a sudden, books didn't have to be copied by hand. And there was a way to disseminate information, news and imagery to the masses. Fine art printmaking is important because it allowed artists to take this media of multiples and to express themselves visually in a way that is different from all other artistic media. I hope that you found this overview to be helpful. As you continue to explore the various ways people have used art to change the world."}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:12:30
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 01bcecb1-ceca-4003-b732-7c861786837f
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "937", "lesson_id": "1217", "content_id": "1775", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u06_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "This is Sarah Burowski. She's a photographer in New York. She loves her work and her day is always busy. This is a day in her life. Sarah gets up at 8 o'clock in the morning. She brushes her teeth and has breakfast. She always makes coffee. At 8.30, Sarah gets her camera, leaves home and goes to work. New York City is always busy in the morning. Sarah never drives. She usually travels by train. Sometimes she takes photographs on the journey. Sarah works in West Brooklyn. She works for a"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:12:30
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dffaaacb-996f-44ab-acd6-b3970210d561
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "937", "lesson_id": "1217", "content_id": "1775", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u06_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Sarah works in West Brooklyn. She works for a magazine. Sometimes she works in the office. But she often works outside. At 1 o'clock in the afternoon, Sarah has lunch. She often meets a friend and goes to her favorite cafe. Sarah usually finishes work at 6. And she gets home at 6.30. Sarah has a really nice apartment in East Brooklyn. But it's a little bit small. She sometimes has dinner at a restaurant. But she usually eats at home. She eats dinner at 7.30. In the evening, she looks at her"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:12:30
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6d815f2a-d9f0-4622-aee5-08b5af329515
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "937", "lesson_id": "1217", "content_id": "1775", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u06_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "dinner at 7.30. In the evening, she looks at her photographs on her computer and serves the internet. She sometimes watches TV. Sarah never goes to bed early. She sometimes stays up until 2 in the morning."}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:37:28
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a04ca7b8-806b-4852-8bf6-fc5cab6ac7bd
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "939", "lesson_id": "1219", "content_id": "1777", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u08_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Amsterdam is the capital city of the Netherlands. The Netherlands is also known as Holland. Amsterdam is a busy, cosmopolitan city. Over 700,000 people live in the city. It's always a great time to visit and every year millions of tourists visit the city. The weather is never too hot or too cold, but it rains a lot, so don't forget your umbrella. There's a lot to see and do in Amsterdam. The city is famous for its 165 canals and 1281 bridges. It's known as the Venice of the North. The houses"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:37:28
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dbb080b1-c5bd-4b75-aeea-75e86c43b1d2
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "939", "lesson_id": "1219", "content_id": "1777", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u08_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "It's known as the Venice of the North. The houses next to the canals are very old and beautiful. There are boats of all shapes and sizes in Amsterdam. And many people live on houseboats. Taking a canal trip is a great way to see the city. It's lovely at night. There are a lot of museums and galleries in Amsterdam. The busiest museum is the Van Gogh Museum. Some museums like the Old Reich Museum. And the modern science museum, Nemo, are very big. But there are some small museums too. It's a good"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:37:28
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 93a647cd-9e12-4325-a2b0-6be6cd85af52
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "939", "lesson_id": "1219", "content_id": "1777", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u08_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "But there are some small museums too. It's a good city for shopping and it's famous for its beautiful fresh flowers. There aren't any big shops in the 9 streets area of the city, but there are some great small shops. It's also a fantastic place to relax in a cafe. Amsterdam isn't a good city for cars, but there are many different ways to get around. There are trains, trams and ferries too. The trams aren't expensive, but they are very busy. But the best cheap way to travel around the city is on"}


created_at: 2026-04-09 07:37:28
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 97804b4d-1524-425e-aa05-58bc3f6980bd
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "939", "lesson_id": "1219", "content_id": "1777", "file_name": "hw4e beg video u08_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "best cheap way to travel around the city is on a bicycle. Amsterdam is an excellent city for cycling. There aren't any hills and there are cycle paths all over the city. A lot of people cycle every day. The Dutch love bikes. There are more than 500,000 bicycles in the city. And here, at Central Station Bicycle Park, there are over 2,000 bicycles. So, come to Amsterdam and get on a bike. It's a great way to see this amazing city. Thank you for watching."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:11:47
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0646a4d4-06f9-44e1-9ece-118d235699c0
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1786", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part1 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Welcome to the course on English grammar for Office Communication. Communication is the heart and soul of the human experience. The process of communication mainly includes speaking, listening and writing. It is a natural phenomenon that we start speaking what everybody speaks around us. We gradually develop a better sense of understanding with the passage of time. A good knowledge of grammar gives us a competitive edge in the business situations. Grammar is a study of words and the way words"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:11:47
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 46162171-486e-4cbe-9de6-5bb2eccdedb6
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1786", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part1 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Grammar is a study of words and the way words work together. There are eight parts of speech they are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, interjection, conjunction, preposition and adjective. This unit will enable you to identify a noun in the sentence, point out a pronoun and outline an adjective. Let us start this unit with the basic part of speech. noun what is a noun? Why is it used? What are its classifications? Look around you. What do you see? A computer, the living room, your dad, everything"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:11:47
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 40e9b2e2-7ba0-4e59-bf6d-0926c28bb95b
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1786", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part1 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "A computer, the living room, your dad, everything that you see you can name is a noun. There are four kinds of nouns. Common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns and collective noun. Click on each of these nouns to know more. Here is a list of some proper and their corresponding common nouns. Let us now try to identify the nouns in a sentence. This is my dog. It lives in my house. We live in London. Here, dog and house refers to a thing and London refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:11:47
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 55dff67c-3a71-4803-8ac8-ae3204739000
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1786", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part1 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen. Here, there are two nouns. Joseph Priestley and oxygen."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:12:42
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 94d2c2bb-9946-4aae-a555-26ce7a7ce4c5
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1787", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part2 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "After knowing about noun, it is important for us to know what is a pronoun. What is a pronoun? Why is it used? The pronoun is a word used in a place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing or idea. It refers to a person or thing without giving the name. The various kinds of pronouns are personal pronouns, indifinate pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and introgative pronouns. Now let us understand the usage of pronouns with examples. The word Rocky has a bicycle. He writes"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:12:42
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1a9480e8-1a70-46e1-b550-e6a4578eea99
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1787", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part2 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "examples. The word Rocky has a bicycle. He writes it every day. The words he and it refer to in the second sentence are used for Rocky and bicycle. The words he used for Rocky and it used for bicycle are called pronouns. We use pronouns to avoid repetition of the same words, which in this case are Rocky and bicycle. Most of the pronouns must be used independently, that is, without a noun following them. Example, this is a big palace. This is a pronoun as it occurs independently. But when a noun"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:12:42
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 63adf201-8b35-4919-834f-cd0ed1a9b5cd
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1787", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part2 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "as it occurs independently. But when a noun follows them, they are no longer pronouns. Example, this palace is big. This is followed by the noun Palace. Here this as a determiner describes the noun and so it is not a pronoun. We have understood what are nouns and pronouns. Now let us see what are adjectives. Adjectives add to the meaning of the nouns they are associated with. They tell us about the quantity, quality, size, color, number of the noun they go with. Adjectives usually answer one of"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:12:42
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7382b352-086a-46f0-bdf5-935c2ad4a2f3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1787", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part2 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "they go with. Adjectives usually answer one of the three questions about the noun they describe. What kind of? I found a red rose in the garden. What kind of rose? Red. How many? These soaps please. How many soaps? Three. Which one? I would eat these cakes. Which cakes? These. There are three types of adjectives. They are demonstrative, common and proper. Click on the buttons to know more. As we have reached an end of this unit, let us have a quick recap. In this unit we have learnt about"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:12:42
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 45fba7aa-3887-49e7-b08e-1c264702b69b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "947", "lesson_id": "1227", "content_id": "1787", "file_name": "English Grammar for office Communication part2 mp4 v1_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "a quick recap. In this unit we have learnt about nouns, pronouns and adjectives. Click on each of these for a quick recap. This unit has enabled you to identify, a noun in the sentence, point out a pronoun and outline an adjective. Thank you for going through this unit. Hope the information presented was useful and will help you in your day-to-day work."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "White Paper\nIntroduction to Cloud Computing Introduction to Cloud Computing\n2\nWhite Paper\nExecutive Summary\nA common understanding of \u201ccloud computing\u201d is continuously evolving, and the terminology and concepts used to define it often \nneed clarifying. Press coverage can be vague or may not fully capture the extent of what cloud computing entails or represents, \nsometimes reporting how companies are making their solutions available in the \u201ccloud\u201d or how \u201ccloud computing\u201d is the way"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "forward, but not examining the characteristics, models, and services involved in understanding what cloud computing is and what \nit can become.\nThis white paper introduces internet-based cloud computing, exploring the characteristics, service models, and deployment models \nin use today, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing. Also discussed are the communications"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "services in the cloud (including ways to access the cloud, such as web APIs and media control interfaces) and the importance of \nscalability and flexibility in a cloud-based environment. \nAlso noted for businesses desiring to start using communication services, are the interface choices available, including Web 2.0 \nAPIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML based interfaces, catering to a wide range of application and service \ncreation developers. Introduction to Cloud Computing"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4\nService Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5\nDeployment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Benefits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6\nChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6\nCommunications in the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Using the Communications Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7\nAccessing through Web APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7\nMedia Server Control Interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "4\nWhite Paper\nIntroduction\nThis white paper is an introduction to the terms, characteristics, and services associated with internet-based computing, commonly referred to as \ncloud computing  . Characteristics, such as infrastructure, provisioning, network access, and managed metering are presented  . \nThe primary business service models being deployed (such as software, platform, and infrastructure as a service) and common deployment"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "models employed by service providers and users to use and maintain the cloud services (such as the private, public, community, and hybrid \nclouds) are discussed  . \nAlso introduced are the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing, and for those seeking to use communications services in the \ncloud, briefly presented are different ways of determining the interfaces needed to use these communications services  .\nCloud Computing"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Cloud Computing\nThe term \u201ccloud\u201d, as used in this white paper, appears to have its origins in network diagrams that represented the internet, or various parts of \nit, as schematic clouds  . \u201cCloud computing\u201d was coined for what happens when applications and services are moved into the internet \u201ccloud  .\u201d \nCloud computing is not something that suddenly appeared overnight; in some form, it may trace back to a time when computer systems remotely"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "time-shared computing resources and applications  . More currently though, cloud computing refers to the many different types of services and \napplications being delivered in the internet cloud, and the fact that, in many cases, the devices used to access these services and applications \ndo not require any special applications  . \nMany companies are delivering services from the cloud  . Some notable examples include the following:"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Google \u2014 Has a private cloud that it uses for delivering Google Docs and many other services to its users, including email access, document \napplications, text translations, maps, web analytics, and much more . \n\u2022  Microsoft \u2014 Has Microsoft\n\u00ae Office 365\u00ae online service that allows for content and business intelligence tools to be moved into the cloud, and \nMicrosoft currently makes its office applications available in a cloud ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Salesforce.com \u2014 Runs its application set for its customers in a cloud, and its Force .com and Vmforce .com products provide developers with \nplatforms to build customized cloud services .\nBut, what is cloud computing? The following sections note cloud and cloud computing characteristics, services models, deployment models, \nbenefits, and challenges .\nCharacteristics\nCloud computing has a variety of characteristics, with the main ones being:"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Shared Infrastructure \u2014 Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the sharing of physical services, storage, and networking capabilities . The \ncloud infrastructure, regardless of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the available infrastructure across a number of users .\n\u2022  Dynamic Provisioning \u2014 Allows for the provision of services based on current demand requirements . This is done automatically using software"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "applications to the latest application on the newest smartphones . \n\u2022  Managed Metering \u2014 Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service and to provide reporting and billing information . In this way, \nconsumers are billed for services according to how much they have actually used during the billing period . \nIn short, cloud computing allows for the sharing and scalable deployment of services, as needed, from almost any location, and for which the"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "customer can be billed based on actual usage  .  Introduction to Cloud Computing\n5\nWhite Paper\nService Models \nOnce a cloud is established, how its cloud computing services are deployed in terms of business models can differ depending on requirements  . \nThe primary service models being deployed (see Figure 1) are commonly known as:\n\u2022  Software as a Service (SaaS) \u2014 Consumers purchase the ability to access and use an application or service that is hosted in the cloud . A"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "benchmark example of this is Salesforce .com, as discussed previously, where necessary information for the interaction between the consumer and \nthe service is hosted as part of the service in the cloud . \nAlso, Microsoft has made a significant investment in this area, and as part of the cloud computing option for Microsoft\n\u00ae Office 365, its Office suite \nis available as a subscription through its cloud-based Online Services  ."}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Platform as a Service (PaaS) \u2014 Consumers purchase access to the platforms, enabling them to deploy their own software and applications in \nthe cloud . The operating systems and network access are not managed by the consumer, and there might be constraints as to which applications \ncan be deployed . Examples include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Rackspace and Microsoft Azure ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) \u2014 Consumers control and manage the systems in terms of the operating systems, applications, storage, and \nnetwork connectivity, but do not themselves control the cloud infrastructure .\nAlso known are the various subsets of these models that may be related to a particular industry or market  . Communications as a Service (CaaS) is"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "one such subset model used to describe hosted IP telephony services  . Along with the move to CaaS is a shift to more IP-centric communications \nand more SIP trunking deployments  . With IP and SIP in place, it can be as easy to have the PBX in the cloud as it is to have it on the premise  . In \nthis context, CaaS could be seen as a subset of SaaS  .\nFigure 1. Service Model Types\nDeployment Models"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Figure 1. Service Model Types\nDeployment Models\nDeploying cloud computing can differ depending on requirements, and the following four deployment models have been identified, each with \nspecific characteristics that support the needs of the services and users of the clouds in particular ways (see Figure 2)  .\n\u2022  Private Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure has been deployed, and is maintained and operated for a specific organization . The operation may be"}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "in-house or with a third party on the premises . \n\u2022  Community Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure is shared among a number of organizations with similar interests and requirements . This may help \nlimit the capital expenditure costs for its establishment as the costs are shared among the organizations . The operation may be in-house or with \na third party on the premises ."}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "a third party on the premises . \n\u2022  Public Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure is available to the public on a commercial basis by a cloud service provider . This enables a consumer to \ndevelop and deploy a service in the cloud with very little financial outlay compared to the capital expenditure requirements normally associated \nwith other deployment options ."}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "with other deployment options . \n\u2022  Hybrid Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure consists of a number of clouds of any type, but the clouds have the ability through their interfaces to \nallow data and/or applications to be moved from one cloud to another . This can be a combination of private and public clouds that support the \nrequirement to retain some data in an organization, and also the need to offer services in the cloud ."}


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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Enduser application is delivered as a service. Platform and infrastructure is abstracted, and \ncan deployed and managed with less effort.\nPhysical infrastructure is abstracted to provide computing, storage, and networking as a \nservice, avoiding the expense and need for dedicated systems.\nSoftware as a Service (SaaS)\nApplication platform onto which custom applications and services can be deployed. Can be \nbuilt and deployed more inexpensively, although services need to be supported and managed."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Platform as a Service (PaaS)\nInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Introduction to Cloud Computing\n6\nWhite Paper\nFigure 2. Public, Private, and Hybrid Cloud Deployment Example\nBenefits\nThe following are some of the possible benefits for those who offer cloud computing-based services and applications: \n\u2022  Cost Savings \u2014 Companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use operational expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in-house IT resources to provide system support .\n\u2022  Scalability/Flexibility \u2014 Companies can start with a small deployment and grow to a large deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if \nnecessary . Also, the flexibility of cloud computing allows companies to use extra resources at peak times, enabling them to satisfy consumer \ndemands ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "demands . \n\u2022  Reliability \u2014 Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity and disaster recovery .\n\u2022  Maintenance \u2014 Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through APIs that do not require application installations onto \nPCs, thus further reducing maintenance requirements .\n\u2022  Mobile Accessible \u2014 Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in an infrastructure available from anywhere .\nChallenges"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Challenges\nThe following are some of the notable challenges associated with cloud computing, and although some of these may cause a slowdown when \ndelivering more services in the cloud, most also can provide opportunities, if resolved with due care and attention in the planning stages  .\n\u2022  Security and Privacy \u2014 Perhaps two of the more \u201chot button\u201d issues surrounding cloud computing relate to storing and securing data, and"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "monitoring the use of the cloud by the service providers . These issues are generally attributed to slowing the deployment of cloud services . These \nchallenges can be addressed, for example, by storing the information internal to the organization, but allowing it to be used in the cloud . For \nthis to occur, though, the security mechanisms between organization and the cloud need to be robust and a Hybrid cloud could support such a \ndeployment ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "deployment . \n\u2022  Lack of Standards \u2014 Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are associated with these, and thus it is unlikely that most \nclouds will be interoperable . The Open Grid Forum is developing an Open Cloud Computing Interface to resolve this issue and the Open Cloud \nConsortium is working on cloud computing standards and practices . The findings of these groups will need to mature, but it is not known whether"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "they will address the needs of the people deploying the services and the specific interfaces these services need . However, keeping up to date on \nthe latest standards as they evolve will allow them to be leveraged, if applicable . \n\u2022  Continuously Evolving \u2014 User requirements are continuously evolving, as are the requirements for interfaces, networking, and storage . This \nmeans that a \u201ccloud,\u201d especially a public one, does not remain static and is also continuously evolving ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9608745b-74bb-43c6-baa5-c8f075a3e763
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Compliance Concerns \u2014 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in the US and Data Protection directives in the EU are just two among many compliance \nissues affecting cloud computing, based on the type of data and application for which the cloud is being used . The EU has a legislative backing \nfor data protection across all member states, but in the US data protection is different and can vary from state to state . As with security and privacy"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "mentioned previously, these typically result in Hybrid cloud deployment with one cloud storing the data internal to the organization . \nCommunications in the Cloud\nFor service developers, making services available in the cloud depends on the type of service and the device(s) being used to access it . The process \nmay be as simple as a user clicking on the required web page, or could involve an application using an API accessing the services in the cloud  . \nEnterprise\n Public internet"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Enterprise\n Public internet\nPrivate cloud in \nenterprise\nEnterprise 1\nClous services\nPublic cloud\nEnterprise 2\nHybrid Cloud - \nCombining Public Internet\na Private and Public Cloud Introduction to Cloud Computing\n7\nWhite Paper\nTelcos are starting to use clouds to release their own services and those developed by others, but using Telco infrastructure and data  . The \nexpectation is that the Telco\u2019s communications infrastructure provides a revenue generating opportunity  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Using the Communications Services\nWhen in the cloud, communications services can extend their capabilities, or stand alone as service offerings, or provide new interactivity \ncapabilities to current services  .\nCloud-based communications services enable businesses to embed communications capabilities into business applications, such as Enterprise \nResource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems  . For \u201con the move\u201d business people, these can be accessed"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "through a smartphone, supporting increased productivity while away from the office  . \nThese services are over and above the support of service deployments of VoIP systems, collaboration systems, and conferencing systems for \nboth voice and video  . They can be accessed from any location and linked into current services to extend their capabilities, as well as stand alone \nas service offerings  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4bb04b1d-c75c-4395-864c-fdc708cf956d
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "as service offerings  .\nIn terms of social networking, using cloud-based communications provides click-to-call capabilities from social networking sites, access to Instant \nMessaging systems and video communications, broadening the interlinking of people within the social circle  . \nAccessing through Web APIs\nAccessing communications capabilities in a cloud-based environment is achieved through APIs, primarily Web 2  .0 RESTful APIs, allowing"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6e714d4b-67de-4081-af85-3631542f7e11
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "application development outside the cloud to take advantage of the communication infrastructure within it (see Figure 3)  .\nFigure 3. Web 2.0 Interfaces to the Cloud\nThese APIs open up a range of communications possibilities for cloud-based services, only limited by the media and signaling capabilities within \nthe cloud . Today\u2019s media services allow for communications and management of voice and video across a complex range of codecs and transport"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2ced6906-1dcf-4bd5-b5cd-7e81f1ee3749
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "types  . By using the Web APIs, these complexities can be simplified and the media can be delivered to the remote device more easily  . APIs also \nenable communication of other services, providing new opportunities and helping to drive Average Revenue per User (ARPU) and attachment \nrates, especially for Telcos  . \nMedia Server Control Interfaces\nWhen building communications capabilities into the \u201ccore of the cloud,\u201d where they will be accessed by another service, the Web 2  .0 APIs"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "can be used, as well as a combination of SIP or VoiceXML and the standard media controlling APIs such as MSML, MSCML, and JSR309  . The \ncombinations provide different capability sets, but with MediaCTRL being developed in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), it is expected \nthat MediaCTRL will supersede MSML and MSCML and have an upsurge in availability and more developments after it is ratified  . JSR309 is a"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "notable choice for those seeking Java development, as it provides the Java interface to media control  .\nFigure 4 is an example of accessing services in the cloud through Web 2  .0 and media control interface APIs  .\nCloud-based service\nMedia and signaling \ncapabilities\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface\n Introduction to Cloud Computing\n8\nWhite Paper\nFigure 4. Accessing the Communications Capabilities from Within the Cloud"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e0490ee3-a535-45e2-ad9c-426db4afe477
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Whether businesses are deploying communications services for access from outside of or within the cloud, the environment is one that supports \nthe speedy development and rollout of these capabilities  .\nCommunications Scalability\nTo deliver on the scalability requirements for cloud-based deployments, the communications software should be capable of running in virtual"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ad62758f-9cb2-4a44-8693-bf425c0cb609
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "environments  . This allows for easily increasing and decreasing session densities based on the needs at the time, while keeping the physical \nresource requirement on servers to a minimum  .\nGetting Started with Communications Services\nBusinesses desiring to use the communications capabilities of cloud-based services will stand to benefit by determining the right interfaces  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 21d792c1-ef0f-486b-aeb6-85409fe17172
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Dialogic supports a broad range of interfaces, including RESTful APIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML-based interfaces, \ncatering to a wide range of application and service creation developers  . These interfaces, available over media and signaling capabilities, support \nthe scalability needed in a cloud-based environment while still being easy to deploy and administer  .\nCloud-based service\nMedia and \nsignaling\nApplication \nserver\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "signaling\nApplication \nserver\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface\nApplication server controls media server \nthrough media control APIs or Web 2.0 www.dialogic.com\nFor a list of Dialogic locations and offices, please visit: https://www  .dialogic  .com/contact  .\nINFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH PRODUCTS OF DIALOGIC CORPORATION AND ITS AFFILIATES OR SUBSIDIARIES (\u201cDIALOGIC\u201d)  . NO LICENSE,"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: bdbb5d7c-88f2-410f-9c65-19f5205efea2
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT  . EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN A SIGNED AGREEMENT \nBETWEEN YOU AND DIALOGIC, DIALOGIC ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND DIALOGIC DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE \nOF DIALOGIC PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL \nPROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a39ac52f-3009-46aa-82dd-7a0265c9d457
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  .\nDialogic products are not intended for use in certain safety-affecting situations  .  Please see http://www  .dialogic  .com/company/terms-of-use  .aspx for more details  .\nDialogic may make changes to specifications, product descriptions, and plans at any time, without notice  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fd478ac6-ac28-47e0-963e-bef57eb9b3cb
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Dialogic is a registered trademark of Dialogic Corporation and its affiliates or subsidiaries  . Dialogic\u2019s trademarks may be used publicly only with permission from Dialogic  . Such permission \nmay only be granted by Dialogic\u2019s legal department at 3300 Boulevard de la C\u00f4te-Vertu, Suite 112, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4R 1P8  . Any authorized use of Dialogic\u2019s trademarks will be"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 5eb70817-20c8-4993-a64b-4238eb9aee7c
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "subject to full respect of the trademark guidelines published by Dialogic from time to time and any use of Dialogic\u2019s trademarks requires proper acknowledgement  .\nThe names of actual companies and products mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners  . Dialogic encourages all users of its products to procure all necessary \nintellectual property licenses required to implement their concepts or applications, which licenses may vary from country to country  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:24:24
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a06008b0-f8ac-495d-8aaa-7864de7bb9a6
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "949", "lesson_id": "1229", "content_id": "1789", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Any use case(s) shown and/or described herein represent one or more examples of the various ways, scenarios or environments in which Dialogic\n\u00ae products can be used  .  Such use case(s) are \nnon-limiting and do not represent recommendations of Dialogic as to whether or how to use Dialogic products  . \nCopyright \u00a9 2017 Dialogic Corporation  .  All rights reserved  . 10/17    12023-02"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PHP \ni \n \n \nAbout the T utorial \nThe PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a programming language that allows web \ndevelopers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP is basically used \nfor developing web-based software applications. This tutorial will help you understand the \nbasics of PHP and how to put it in practice. \n \nAudience \nThis tutorial has been designed to meet the requirements of all those readers who are \nkeen to learn the basics of PHP."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "keen to learn the basics of PHP.   \n \nPrerequisites \nBefore proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of computer \nprogramming, Internet, Database, and MySQL. \n \nCopyright & Disclaimer \n\u00a9 Copyright 2016 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.  \n \nAll the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) \nPvt. Ltd.  The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "any contents or a part of contents of this e -book in any manner without written consent \nof the publisher.   \n \nWe strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as \npossible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. \nLtd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness o r completeness of our \nwebsite or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Client Side HTML file.................................................................................................................................... 163 \nServer Side PHP file ..................................................................................................................................... 165 \n PHP \u2500 PHP and XML .............................................................................................................................. 167"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7ad04be9-003e-454a-a83d-d97f04a7d817
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "HTML list that's not valid XML ..................................................................................................................... 167 \nHTML list that is valid XML .......................................................................................................................... 167 \nParsing an XML Document .......................................................................................................................... 167"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8354a292-42fa-4972-b68e-e50d92009c72
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Generating an XML Document .................................................................................................................... 169 \n PHP \u2500 Object Oriented Programming .................................................................................................... 170 \nObject Oriented Concepts ........................................................................................................................... 170"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3161ab3b-6a48-4a2a-a3ad-2f4a0775e3a3
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Defining PHP Classes ................................................................................................................................... 171 \nCreating Objects in PHP ............................................................................................................................... 172 \nCalling Member Functions ........................................................................................................................... 172"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 010b4925-7c1a-4670-bb37-3c0c387f3b99
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Constructor Functions ................................................................................................................................. 173 \nDestructor .................................................................................................................................................... 174 \nInheritance .................................................................................................................................................. 174"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8e74ee95-1331-440f-847d-58ae30cb2c40
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Function Overriding ..................................................................................................................................... 175 \nPublic Members ........................................................................................................................................... 175 \nPrivate members ......................................................................................................................................... 175"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7dce83b3-2086-48fb-8913-6ee5a2317532
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Protected members ..................................................................................................................................... 176 \nInterfaces ..................................................................................................................................................... 177 \nConstants ..................................................................................................................................................... 177"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8e300ed1-a525-41cd-b335-3f4e1e694f8a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Abstract Classes ........................................................................................................................................... 177 \nStatic Keyword ............................................................................................................................................. 178 \nFinal Keyword .............................................................................................................................................. 178"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 859b981b-c72e-4287-b628-a1d7c6ae5476
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PHP \u2500 PHP for C Developers .................................................................................................................. 181 \nSimilarities ................................................................................................................................................... 181 \nDifferences .................................................................................................................................................. 181    PHP \nvi"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 88d2beaa-d5e1-40bc-a992-7f29ec906738
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "vi \n \n PHP \u2500 PHP for PERL Developers ............................................................................................................ 183 \nSimilarities ................................................................................................................................................... 183 \nDifferences .................................................................................................................................................. 183"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 66f87a0f-36d8-4ec2-93be-e279844573ba
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PART 3: FUNCTION REFERENCE................................ ................................ ...............................  185 \n PHP \u2500 Function Reference ..................................................................................................................... 186    PHP \n7 \n \nPart 1: Learning PHP    PHP \n8 \n \nPHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and more people found"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 27adeeb7-79c8-42ca-a489-613a30ad330c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "out how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf unleashed the first version of PHP way back in 1994.  \n \n\uf0b7 PHP is a recursive acronym for \"PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor\". \n \n\uf0b7 PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML. It is used to manage \ndynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-commerce sites. \n \n\uf0b7 It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, \nOracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 95370d67-4274-4fb1-b03b-12df500a4649
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 PHP is pleasingly zippy in its execution, especially when compiled as an Apache module \non the Unix side. The MySQL server, once started, executes even very complex queries \nwith huge result sets in record-setting time. \n \n\uf0b7 PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as POP3, IMAP, and LDAP. PHP4 \nadded support for Java and distributed object architectures (COM and CORBA), making \nn-tier development a possibility for the first time."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8c52eb58-c644-42e8-80da-85deadcdb310
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 PHP is forgiving: PHP language tries to be as forgiving as possible. \n \n\uf0b7 PHP Syntax is C-Like. \nCommon Uses of PHP \nPHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read, write, \nand close them. The other uses of PHP are:  \n \n\uf0b7 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data  to a file, thru email you \ncan send data, return data to the user. \n \n\uf0b7 You add, delete, modify elements within your database thru PHP."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d987d2d7-a1b4-4f52-943c-e2d10c92030a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Access cookies variables and set cookies. \n \n\uf0b7 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website. \n \n\uf0b7 It can encrypt data. \n \n \n \n \n\uf0b7  \n PHP \u2500 INTRODUCTION    PHP \n9 \n \nCharacteristics of PHP \nFive important characteristics make PHP's practical nature possible: \n \n\uf0b7 Simplicity \n \n\uf0b7 Efficiency \n \n\uf0b7 Security \n \n\uf0b7 Flexibility \n \n\uf0b7 Familiarity \n\"Hello World\" Script in PHP \nTo get a feel of PHP, first start with simple PHP scripts. Since \"Hello, World!\" is an essential"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0900553a-6b58-4475-9283-30943c112a3d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "example, first we will create a friendly little \"Hello, World!\" script. \n \nAs mentioned earlier, PHP is embedded in HTML. That means that in amongst your normal \nHTML (or XHTML if you're cutting-edge) you'll have PHP statements like this: \n<html> \n<head> \n<title>Hello World</title> \n<body> \n    <?php echo \"Hello, World!\";?> \n</body> \n</html> \nIt will produce the following result: \nHello, World! \nIf you examine the HTML output of the above example, you'll notice that the PHP code is not"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6f3cd215-0c75-40e1-a600-742d31869db4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "present in the file sent from the server to your Web browser. All of the PHP present in the \nWeb page is processed and stripped from the page; the only thing returned to the client from \nthe Web server is pure HTML output. \n \nAll PHP code must be included inside one of the three special markup tags ate are recognized \nby the PHP Parser. \n<?php PHP code goes here ?> \n \n<?    PHP code goes here ?> \n \n<script language=\"php\"> PHP code goes here </script>"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dbcbcb17-952c-4269-a581-83b5c251c4d6
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Most common tag is the <?php...?> and we will also use the same tag in our tutorial.    PHP \n10 \n \n \nFrom the next chapter, we will start with PHP Environment Setup on your machine and then \nwe will dig out almost all concepts related to PHP to make you comfortable with t he PHP \nlanguage.    PHP \n11 \n \nIn order to develop and run PHP Web pages , three vital components need to be installed on \nyour computer system."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 57489c82-36ab-494d-a705-0ee7cfd6141b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "your computer system. \n \nWeb Server - PHP will work with virtually all Web Server software, including Microsoft's \nInternet Information Server (IIS) but then most often used is freely available Apache Server. \nDownload Apache for free here: http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi \n \nDatabase - PHP will work with virtually all database software, including Oracle and Sybase \nbut most commonly used is freely available MySQL database. Download MySQL for free here:"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c8e3af8a-5ba6-4231-8ad2-ceec5a8b1ed0
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "http://www.mysql.com/downloads/index.html \n \nPHP Parser  - In order to process PHP script instructions , a parser must be installed to \ngenerate HTML output that can be sent to the Web Browser. This tutorial will guide you how \nto install PHP parser on your computer. \nPHP Parser Installation \nBefore you proceed, it is important to make sure that you have a proper environment setup \non your machine to develop your web programs using PHP."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 58521de8-8d4b-48cf-bf13-4b5ab721f634
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Type the following address into your browser's address box. \nhttp://127.0.0.1/info.php \nIf this displays a  page showing your PHP installation related information , then it means you \nhave PHP and Webserver installed properly. Otherwise you have to follow given procedure to \ninstall PHP on your computer. \n \nThis section will guide you to install and configure PHP over the following four platforms: \n\uf0b7 PHP Installation on Linux or Unix with Apache \n\uf0b7 PHP Installation on Mac OS X with Apache"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 94b903d1-f951-4aa4-ab3d-cc04638af48f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 PHP Installation on Mac OS X with Apache \n\uf0b7 PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with IIS \n\uf0b7 PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with Apache \nPHP Installation on Linux or Unix with Apache \nIf you plan to install PHP on Linux or any other variant of Unix, then here is the list of \nprerequisites: \n \n PHP \u2500 ENVIRONMENT SETUP    PHP \n12 \n \n\uf0b7 The PHP source distribution http://www.php.net/downloads.php \nThe latest Apache source distribution  \nhttp://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c9516434-456f-4129-8172-c06668b8fc79
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi \n \n\uf0b7 A working PHP -supported database, if you plan to use one ( For example MySQL, \nOracle etc. ) \n \n\uf0b7 Any other supported software to which PHP must connect (mail server, BCMath \npackage, JDK, and so forth) \n \n\uf0b7 An ANSI C compiler \n \n\uf0b7 Gnu make utility - you can freely download it at \nhttp://www.gnu.org/software/make \n \nNow here are the steps to install Apache and PHP5 on your Linux or Unix machine. If your"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 46edfba8-cfe7-488d-a173-c3e8796ecf9a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PHP or Apache versions are different, then please take care accordingly. \n\uf0b7  \n\uf0b7 If you haven't already done so, unzip and untar your Apache source distribution. Unless \nyou have a reason to do otherwise, /usr/local is the standard place. \ngunzip -c apache_1.3.x.tar.gz \ntar -xvf apache_1.3.x.tar \n\uf0b7 Build the apache Server as follows \ncd apache_1.3.x \n./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --enable-so \nmake \nmake install"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 783fd1c8-8635-4ff9-81b6-ccc150459c0d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "make \nmake install \n\uf0b7 Unzip and untar your PHP source distribution. Unless you have a reason to do \notherwise, /usr/local is the standard place. \ngunzip -c php-5.x.tar.gz \ntar -xvf php-5.x.tar \ncd php-5.x \n\uf0b7 Configure and Build your PHP, assuming you are using MySQL database. \n./configure --with-apxs=/usr/sbin/apxs \\ \n            --with-mysql=/usr/bin/mysql \nmake \nmake install \n\uf0b7 Install the php.ini file. Edit this file to get configuration directives: \ncd ../../php-5.x"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c88b7397-642c-4f01-a388-a5dcd1df0369
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "cd ../../php-5.x \ncp php.ini-dist /usr/local/lib/php.ini \n    PHP \n13 \n \n\uf0b7 Tell your Apache server where you want to serve files from, and what extension(s) \nyou want to identify PHP files. .php is the standard, but you can use .html, .phtml, or \nwhatever you want. \n \no Go to your HTTP configuration files (/usr/local/apache/conf or whatever your \npath is) \n \no Open httpd.conf with a text editor. \n \no Search for the word DocumentRoot (which should appear twice), and change"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4168e854-3f03-41c9-a93d-3e5c5bf24a2f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "both paths to the directory you want to serve files out of (in ou r case, \n/home/httpd). We recommend a home directory rather than the default \n/usr/local/apache/htdocs because it is more secure, but it doesn.t have to be \nin a home directory. You will keep all your PHP files in this directory. \n \n\uf0b7 Add at least one PHP extension directive, as shown in the first line of code that follows. \nIn the second line, we.ve also added a second handler to have all HTML files parsed \nas PHP"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ff074525-4d88-47c2-ae97-e562fc76d28c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "as PHP \nAddType application/x-httpd-php .php \nAddType application/x-httpd-php .html \n\uf0b7 Restart your server. Every time you change your HTTP configuration or php.ini files, \nyou must stop and start your server again. \ncd ../bin \n./apachectl start \n\uf0b7 Set the document root directory permissions to world-executable. The actual PHP files \nin the directory need only be world-readable (644). If necessary, replace /home/httpd \nwith your document root below: \nchmod 755 /home/httpd/html/php"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c1e92278-e5be-4544-b8b3-83e8b47577f1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "chmod 755 /home/httpd/html/php \n\uf0b7 Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web server's \ndocument root as info.php. \n \n\uf0b7 Start any Web browser and browse the file. You must always use an HTTP request \n(http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or http://localhost/info.php or \nhttp://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a filename (/home/httpd/info.php) for the file \nto be parsed correctly \n \nYou should see a long table of infor mation about your new PHP installation message"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 4458ed43-cdbd-4bab-9e0e-32dfcad6c6bb
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Congratulations!    PHP \n14 \n \nPHP Installation on Mac OS X with Apache \nMac users have the choice of either a binary or a source installation. In fact, your OS X  \nprobably came with Apache and PHP preinstalled. This is likely to be quite an old build, and it \nprobably lacks many of the less common extensions. \n \nHowever, if all you want is a quick Apache + PHP + MySQL/PostgreSQL setup on your laptop,"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f7d355bb-50d5-453d-a24c-3bb2a1f2931e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "this is certainly the easiest way to fly. All you need to do is edit your Apache configuration file \nand turn on the Web server. \n \nSo just follow the steps given below: \n \n\uf0b7 Open the Apache config file in a text editor as root. \nsudo open -a TextEdit /etc/httpd/httpd.conf \n \n\uf0b7 Edit the file. Uncomment the following lines: \nLoad Module php5_module \nAddModule mod_php5.c \nAddType application/x-httpd-php .php \n\uf0b7 You may also want to uncomment the <Directory /home/*/Sites> block or otherwise"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 369920a7-5107-4c4d-85f5-65003d801c2b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "tell Apache which directory to serve out of. \n \n\uf0b7 Restart the Web server \nsudo apachectl graceful \n\uf0b7 Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web server's \ndocument root as info.php. \n\uf0b7  \n\uf0b7 Start any Web browser and browse the file.you must always use an HTTP request  \n(http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or http://localhost/info.php or \nhttp://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a filename (/home/httpd/info.php) for the file \nto be parsed correctly"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: f51d39d4-4331-4051-bc78-f19926d023aa
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "to be parsed correctly \n \nYou should see a long table of information about your new PHP installation message \nCongratulations! \nPHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with IIS \nThe Windows server installation of PHP running IIS is much simpler than on Unix, since it \ninvolves a precompiled binary rather than a source build. \n \nIf you plan to install PHP over Windows, then here is the list of prerequisites:  \n    PHP \n15"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 899297fb-b0e3-4e03-8ab3-06b7d0dec710
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PHP \n15 \n \n\uf0b7 A working PHP-supported Web server. Under previous versions of PHP, IIS/PWS was \nthe easiest choice because a module version of PHP was ava ilable for it; but PHP now \nhas added a much wider selection of modules for Windows. \n \n\uf0b7 A correctly installed PHP-supported database like MySQL or Oracle etc. (if you plan to \nuse one) \n \n\uf0b7 The PHP Windows binary distribution (download it atwww.php.net/downloads.php)"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 1d487029-a7db-404f-bf9e-86bc6a7b83ff
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 A utility to unzip files (search http://download.cnet.com for PC file compression \nutilities) \n \nNow here are the steps to install Apache and PHP5 on your Windows machine. If your PHP \nversion is different, then please take care accordingly. \n\uf0b7  \n\uf0b7 Extract the binary archive using your unzip utility; C:\\PHP is a common location. \n \n\uf0b7 Copy some .dll files from your PHP directory to your systems directory (usually"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9e6dd8c5-c700-4951-9b81-4046b0c2c6b9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "C:\\Winnt\\System32). You need php5ts.dll for every case. You will also probably need \nto copy the file corresponding to your Web server module - C:\\PHP\\Sapi\\php5isapi.dll. \nIt's possible you will also need others from the dlls subfolder - but start with the two \nmentioned above and add more if you need them. \n \n\uf0b7 Copy either php.ini -dist or php.ini -recommended (preferably the latter) to your \nWindows directory (C:\\Winnt or C:\\Winnt40), and rename it php.ini. Open this file in"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 825429c2-1b96-4081-b584-00d87b1859d1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "a text editor (for example, Notepad). Edit this file to get configuration directives; We \nhighly recommend new users set error reporting to E_ALL on their development \nmachines at this point. For now, the most important thing is the doc_root directive \nunder the Paths and Directories section.  make sure this matches yo ur IIS Inetpub \nfolder (or wherever you plan to serve out of). \n \n\uf0b7 Stop and restart the WWW service. Go to the Start menu -> Settings -> Control Panel"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 61f85416-4428-4e8e-b08b-61f7004c2c88
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "-> Services. Scroll down the list to IIS Admin Service. Select it and click Stop. After it \nstops, select Worl d Wide Web Publishing Service and click Start. Stopping and \nrestarting the service from within Internet Service Manager will not suffice. Since this \nis Windows, you may also wish to reboot. \n \n\uf0b7 Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web server's \ndocument root as info.php."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 455f2221-e28a-45f1-b271-1f4f9614a60f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "document root as info.php. \n \n\uf0b7 Start any Web browser and browse the file.you must always use an HTTP request \n(http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or http://localhost/info.php or \nhttp://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a filename (/home/httpd/i nfo.php) for the file \nto be parsed correctly \n \nYou should see a long table of information about your new PHP installation message \nCongratulations!    PHP \n16 \n \nPHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with Apache"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dcb35e62-e494-4f0e-bd3e-5ddb1fed0f53
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "To install Apache with PHP 5 on Windows follow the following steps. If your PHP and Apache \nversions are different, then please take care accordingly. \n \n\uf0b7 Download Apache server from www.apache.org/dist/httpd/binaries/win32. You want \nthe current  stable release version with the no_src.msi extension. Double -click the \ninstaller file to install; C: \\Program Files is a common location. The installer will also \nask you whether you want to run Apache as a service or from the command line or"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 32e69a28-8859-48f1-931c-eeae08c1108f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "DOS prompt. We  recommend you do not install as a service, as this may cause \nproblems with startup. \n \n\uf0b7 Extract the PHP binary archive using your unzip utility; C:\\PHP is a common location. \n \n\uf0b7 Copy some .dll files from your PHP directory to your system directory (usually \nC:\\Windows). You need php5ts.dll for every case. You will also probably need to copy \nthe file corresponding to your Web server module - C:\\PHP\\Sapi\\php5apache.dll. to"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6feb9db7-e3fb-45a4-8f43-a21b86ddf416
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "your Apache modules directory. It's possible that you will also need others from the \ndlls subfolder, but start with the two mentioned previously and add more if you need \nthem. \n \n\uf0b7 Copy either php.ini -dist or php.ini -recommended (preferably the latter) to your \nWindows directory, and rename it php.ini. Open this file in a text editor (for example, \nNotepad). Edit this file to get configuration directives; At this point, we highly"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9251fa91-fbe9-44fd-b7dd-0615cb191243
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "recommend that new users set error reporting to E_ALL on their development \nmachines. \n \n\uf0b7 Tell your Apache server where you want to serve files from and what extension(s) you \nwant to identify PHP files (.php is the standard, but you can use .html, .phtml, or \nwhatever you want). Go to your HTTP configuration files (C: \\Program Files \\Apache \nGroup\\Apache\\conf or whatever your path is), and open httpd.conf with a text editor."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: ef9033f5-053e-4884-8eb4-01e51ce38ce5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Search for the word DocumentRoot (which should appear twice) and change both paths \nto the directory you want to serve files out of. (The default is C:\\Program Files\\Apache \nGroup\\Apache\\htdocs.). Add at least one PHP extension directive as shown in the first \nline of the following code: \n \nLoadModule php5_module modules/php5apache.dll \nAddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml \n\uf0b7  \n\uf0b7 You may also need to add the following line: \nAddModule mod_php5.c"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: adf25f99-1f83-4df6-9b9c-8e5e3fc3a6c2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "AddModule mod_php5.c \n\uf0b7 Stop and restart the WWW service. Go to the Start menu -> Settings -> Control Panel \n-> Services. Scroll down the list to IIS Admin Service. Select it and click Stop. After it \nstops, select World Wide Web Publishing Service and click Start. Stopping and \nrestarting the service from within Internet Service Manager will not suffice. Sin ce this \nis Windows, you may also wish to reboot.    PHP \n17"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 724980ec-63ed-4d6a-aa24-18854da31d94
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "17 \n \n \n\uf0b7 Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web server's \ndocument root as info.php. \n \n\uf0b7 Start any Web browser and browse the file.you must always use an HTTP request \n(http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or http://localhost/info.php or \nhttp://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a filename (/home/httpd/info.php) for the file \nto be parsed correctly \n \nYou should see a long table of information about your new PHP installation message \nCongratulations!"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 8001f4d3-c149-432d-9a75-c601b3df685c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Congratulations! \n \nApache Configuration \nIf you are using Apache as a Web Server , then this section will guide you to edit Apache \nConfiguration Files. \n \nPHP.INI File Configuration \nThe PHP configuration file, php.ini, is the final and most immediate way to affect PHP's \nfunctionality. \n \nJust Check it here: PHP.INI File Configuration \n \nWindows IIS Configuration \nTo configure IIS on your Windows machine you can refer your IIS Reference Manual shipped \nalong with IIS."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a5c26315-87eb-4386-9ab5-abe8ee8a7fb2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "along with IIS. \n \nApache Configuration for PHP \nApache uses httpd.conf file for global settings, and the .htaccess  file for per-directory access \nsettings. Older versions of Apache split up httpd.conf into three files (access.conf, httpd.conf, \nand srm.conf), and some users still prefer this arrangement. \n \nApache server has a very powerful, but slightly complex, configur ation system of its own. \nLearn more about it at the Apache Web site: www.apache.org"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: bbd804f9-1850-427f-9c7b-5d9f790f8d1e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "The following section describe s settings in httpd.conf that affect PHP directly and cannot be \nset elsewhere. If you have standard installation , then httpd.conf will be found at \n/etc/httpd/conf: \nTimeout \nThis value sets the default number of seconds before any HTTP request will time out. If you \nset PHP's max_execution_time to longer than this value, PHP will keep grinding away but the    PHP \n18"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 24407faf-7ced-48ec-8555-7dd3b1a3a351
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "18 \n \nuser may see a 404 error. In safe mode, this value will be ignored; you must use the timeout \nvalue in php.ini instead \nDocumentRoot \nDocumentRoot designates the root directory for all HTTP processes on that server. It looks \nsomething like this on Unix: \nDocumentRoot ./usr/local/apache_1.3.6/htdocs. \nYou can choose any directory as document root. \n \nAddType \nThe PHP MIME type needs to be set here for PHP files to be  parsed. Remember that you can"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e8be5d4d-d2ec-4933-b608-c0dc2b5e796d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "associate any file extension with PHP like .php3, .php5 or .htm. \nAddType application/x-httpd-php .php \nAddType application/x-httpd-phps .phps \nAddType application/x-httpd-php3 .php3 .phtml \nAddType application/x-httpd-php .html \nAction \nYou must uncomment this line for the Windows apxs module version of Apache with shared \nobject support: \nLoadModule php4_module modules/php4apache.dll \nor on Unix flavors: \nLoadModule php4_module modules/mod_php.so \n \nAddModule"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 712c5d74-b887-4924-b1b7-e2c0203c5949
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "AddModule \nYou must uncomment this line for the static module version of Apache. \nAddModule mod_php4.c \nPHP .INI file Configuration \nThe PHP configuration file, php.ini, is the final and most immediate way to affect PHP's \nfunctionality. The php.ini file is read each time PHP is initialized.in other words, whenever \nhttpd is restarted for the module version or with each script execution for the CGI version. If    PHP \n19"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: b444091e-b047-4c8f-bafb-79acec1e0ad5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "19 \n \nyour change isn\u2019t showing up, remember to stop and restart httpd. If it still isn\u2019t showing up, \nuse phpinfo() to check the path to php.ini. \n \nThe configuration file is well commented and thorough. Keys are case sensitive, keyword \nvalues are not; whitespace, and lines beginning with semicolons are ignored. Booleans can \nbe represented by 1/0, Yes/No, On/Off, or True/False. The default v alues in php.ini-dist will \nresult in a reasonable PHP installation that can be tweaked later."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: dc71300b-632a-4454-adaf-6f01772605f1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Here we are explaining the important settings in php.ini which you may need for your PHP \nParser. \nshort_open_tag = Off \nShort open tags look like this: <? ?>. This option must be set to Off if you want to use XML \nfunctions. \nsafe_mode = Off \nIf this is set to On, you probably compiled PHP with the --enable-safe-mode flag. Safe mode \nis most relevant to CGI use. See the explanation in the section \"CGI compile -time options\". \nearlier in this chapter. \nsafe_mode_exec_dir = [DIR]"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 28df16ec-b06d-4a03-bb17-81bb1314e684
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "safe_mode_exec_dir = [DIR] \nThis option is relevant only if safe mode is on; it can also be set with the --with-exec-dir flag \nduring the Unix build process. PHP in safe mode only executes external binaries out of this \ndirectory. The default is /usr/local/bin. This has nothing to do with serving up a normal \nPHP/HTML Web page. \n \nsafe_mode_allowed_env_vars = [PHP_] \nThis option sets which environment variables users can change in safe mode. The default is"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 23d4dc4d-9102-4ce2-930e-c56ab39d090d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "only those variables prepended with \"PHP_\". If this directive is empty, most variables are \nalterable. \nsafe_mode_protected_env_vars = [LD_LIBRARY_PATH] \nThis option sets which environment variables users can't change in safe mode, even if \nsafe_mode_allowed_env_vars is set permissively. \n \ndisable_functions = [function1, function2...] \nA welcome addition to PHP4 configuration and one perpetuated in PHP5 is the ability to disable"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3c720d20-6e92-4a69-b047-9dad4c3b4cb3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "selected functions for security reasons. Previously, this necessitated hand -editing the C code \nfrom which PHP was made. Filesystem, system, and network functions should probably be the \nfirst to go because allowing the capability to write files and alter the system over HTTP is \nnever such a safe idea.    PHP \n20 \n \nmax_execution_time = 30 \nThe function set_time_limit() won.t  work in safe mode, so this is the main way to make a"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c2cff43d-763e-4a4a-9974-75aff08124e2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "script time out in safe mode. In Windows, you have to abort based on maximum memory \nconsumed rather than time. You can also use the Apache timeout setting to timeout if you \nuse Apache, but that will apply to non-PHP files on the site too. \nerror_reporting = E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE \nThe default value is E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE, all errors except notices. Development servers \nshould be set to at least the default; only production servers should even consider a lesser \nvalue \nerror_prepend_string = [\"\"]"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: e1f8327f-c920-4ce8-bef4-1303c04d7f40
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "value \nerror_prepend_string = [\"\"] \nWith its bookend, error_append_string, this setting allows you to make error messages a \ndifferent color than other text, or what  you have. \nwarn_plus_overloading = Off \nThis setting issues a warning if the + operator is used with strings, as in a form value. \nvariables_order = EGPCS \nThis configuration setting supersedes gpc_order. Both are now deprecated along with \nregister_globals. It sets the order of the different variables: Environment, GET, POST,"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 051ef108-4ade-4ed4-bf0b-5314c5dc453b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "COOKIE, and SERVER (aka Built-in). \n \nYou can change this order around. Variables will be overwritten successively in left -to-right \norder, with the rightmost one winning the hand every time. This means if you left the default \nsetting and happened to use the same name for an en vironment variable, a POST variable, \nand a COOKIE variable, the COOKIE variable would own that name at the end of the process. \nIn real life, this doesn't happen much. \n \nregister_globals = Off"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 2fa7003a-92ec-4c15-9777-e68ad70d266e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "register_globals = Off \nThis setting allows you to decide whether you wish to register EGPCS variables as global. This \nis now deprecated, and as of PHP4.2, this flag is set to Off by default. Use superglobal arrays \ninstead. All the major code listings in this book use superglobal arrays. \ngpc_order = GPC \nThis setting has been GPC Deprecated. \n \n \n \n    PHP \n21 \n \nmagic_quotes_gpc = On \nThis setting escapes quotes in incoming GET/POST/COOKIE data. If you use a lot of forms"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 10e5dc82-c93b-4167-90cc-6bb448d4fde3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "which possibly submit to themselves or other forms and display form values, you may need \nto set this directive to On or prepare to use addslashes() on string-type data. \nmagic_quotes_runtime = Off \nThis setting escapes quotes in incoming database and text strings. Remember that SQL adds \nslashes to single quotes and apostrophes when storing strings and does not strip them off \nwhen returning them. If this setting is Off, you will need to use stripslashes() when outputting"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 72671dbd-3212-46c2-851d-7029728b1fb6
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "any type of string data from a SQL database. If magic_quotes_sybase is set to On, this must \nbe Off. \nmagic_quotes_sybase = Off \nThis setting escapes single quotes in incoming database and text strings with Sybase -style \nsingle quotes rather than backslashes. If magic_quotes_runtime is set to On, this must be \nOff. \nauto-prepend-file = [path/to/file] \nIf a path is specified here, PHP must automatically include() it at the beginning of every PHP \nfile. Include path restrictions do apply."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6edae882-6111-411b-ac80-5d66adafa81a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "file. Include path restrictions do apply. \nauto-append-file = [path/to/file] \nIf a path is specified here, PHP must automatically include() it at the end of every PHP \nfile.unless you escape by using the exit() function. Include path restrictions do apply . \ninclude_path = [DIR] \nIf you set this value, you will only be allowed to include or require files from these directories. \nThe include directory is generally under your document root; this is mandatory if you.re"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: aebdb913-941d-43a3-b8f6-e1cd56c8cc53
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "running in safe mode. Set this to . in order to include files from the same directory your script \nis in. Multiple directories are separated by colons: .:/usr/local/apache/htdocs:/usr/local/lib.  \ndoc_root = [DIR] \nIf you.re using Apache, you.ve already set a document root for this server or virtual hos t in \nhttpd.conf. Set this value here if you.re using safe mode or if you want to enable PHP only on \na portion of your site (for example, only in one subdirectory of your Web root)."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: d25e419f-e4ab-4791-8d3b-e27a99df2045
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "file_uploads = [on/off] \nTurn on this flag if you will upload files using PHP script. \nupload_tmp_dir = [DIR] \nDo not uncomment this line unless you understand the implications of HTTP uploads!     PHP \n22 \n \nsession.save-handler = files \nExcept in rare circumstances, you will not want to change this setting. So don't touch it.  \nignore_user_abort = [On/Off] \nThis setting controls what happens if a site visitor clicks the browser.s Stop button. The default"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 0bb57832-af7c-4e7a-981d-67a49b08a18e
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "is On, which means that the script continues to run to completion or timeout. If the setting is \nchanged to Off, the script will abort. This setting only works in module mode, not CGI. \nmysql.default_host = hostname \nThe default server host to use when connecting to the database server if no other host is \nspecified. \nmysql.default_user = username \nThe default user name to use when connecting to the datab ase server if no other name is \nspecified. \nmysql.default_password = password"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 542ae4e4-8798-4f75-9020-64aa6e86eb1d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "specified. \nmysql.default_password = password \nThe default password to use when connecting to the database server if no other password is \nspecified. \n    PHP \n23 \n \nEscaping to PHP \nThe PHP parsing engine needs a way to differentiate PHP code from other elements in the \npage. The mechanism for doing so is known as 'escaping to PHP.' There are four ways to do  \nthis: \nCanonical PHP tags \nThe most universally effective PHP tag style is: \n<?php...?>"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3ce159d6-53bc-4ccb-811e-4e673d61cfed
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "<?php...?> \nIf you use this style, you can be positive that your tags will always be correctly interpreted.  \nShort-open (SGML-style) tags \nShort or short-open tags look like this: \n<?...?> \nShort tags are, as one might expect, the shortest option You must do one of two things to \nenable PHP to recognize the tags: \n \n\uf0b7 Choose the --enable-short-tags configuration option when you're building PHP. \n \n\uf0b7 Set the short_open_tag setting in your php.ini file to on. This option must be disabled"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: df735b54-47c9-460f-b0a5-29236d201899
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "to parse XML with PHP because the same syntax is used for XML tags. \nASP-style tags \nASP-style tags mimic the tags used by Active Server Pages to delineate code blocks. ASP -\nstyle tags look like this: \n<%...%> \nTo use ASP-style tags, you will need to set the configuration option in your php.ini file.  \nHTML script tags \nHTML script tags look like this: \n<script language=\"PHP\">...</script> \n PHP \u2500 SYNTAX OVERVIEW    PHP \n24 \n \n \nCommenting PHP Code"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: bcd43046-d741-400b-aed7-16801836f52a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "24 \n \n \nCommenting PHP Code \nA comment is the portion of a program that exists only for the human reader and stripped out \nbefore displaying the programs result. There are two commenting formats in PHP:  \n \nSingle-line comments: They are generally used for short explanations or notes relevant to \nthe local code. Here are the examples of single line comments. \n<? \n# This is a comment, and \n# This is the second line of the comment \n// This is a comment too. Each style comments only"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fbedfd80-0928-4131-a98d-4f679259a730
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "print \"An example with single line comments\"; \n?> \n \nMulti-lines printing:  Here are the examples to print multiple lines in a single print \nstatement: \n<? \n# First Example \nprint <<<END \nThis uses the \"here document\" syntax to output \nmultiple lines with $variable interpolation. Note \nthat the here document terminator must appear on a \nline with just a semicolon no extra whitespace! \nEND; \n# Second Example \nprint \"This spans \nmultiple lines. The newlines will be \noutput as well\"; \n?>"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 681ee2d4-2e3a-4a83-8872-6a19e5202e16
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "output as well\"; \n?> \n \nMulti-lines comments: They are generally used to provide pseudocode algorithms and more \ndetailed explanations when necessary. The multiline style of commenting is the same as in C. \nHere are the example of multi lines comments. \n<? \n/* This is a comment with multiline \n    Author : Mohammad Mohtashim \n    Purpose: Multiline Comments Demo \n    Subject: PHP \n*/ \nprint \"An example with multi line comments\"; \n?>    PHP \n25 \n \nPHP is whitespace insensitive"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: bc3d7721-8326-4487-acf7-1c100c68d611
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "?>    PHP \n25 \n \nPHP is whitespace insensitive \nWhitespace is the stuff you type that is typically invisible on the screen, including spaces, \ntabs, and carriage returns (end-of-line characters). \n \nPHP whitespace insensitive means that it almost never matters how many whitespace \ncharacters you have in a row.one whitespace character is the same as many such characters. \n \nFor example, each of the following PHP statements that assigns the sum of 2 + 2 to the \nvariable $four is equivalent:"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 3d84128d-043e-454c-a042-991a1030047b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "variable $four is equivalent: \n$four = 2 + 2; // single spaces \n$four <tab>=<tab2<tab>+<tab>2 ; // spaces and tabs \n$four = \n2+ \n2; // multiple lines \nPHP is case sensitive \nYeah it is true that PHP is a case sensitive language. Try out the following example: \n<html> \n<body> \n<? \n$capital = 67; \nprint(\"Variable capital is $capital<br>\"); \nprint(\"Variable CaPiTaL is $CaPiTaL<br>\"); \n?> \n</body> \n</html> \nThis will produce the following result: \nVariable capital is 67 \nVariable CaPiTaL is"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 99ceed40-aca3-459f-8134-9e43ee1ba3e7
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Variable capital is 67 \nVariable CaPiTaL is \nStatements are expressions terminated by semicolons \nA statement in PHP is any expression that is followed by a semicolon (;).Any sequence of valid \nPHP statements that is enclosed by the PHP tags is a valid PHP program. Here is a typical \nstatement in PHP, which in this case assigns a string of characters to a variable called \n$greeting: \n \n$greeting = \"Welcome to PHP!\";    PHP \n26 \n \nExpressions are combinations of tokens"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 6e727d13-d755-460a-8578-2828bc36607a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "26 \n \nExpressions are combinations of tokens \nThe smallest building blocks of PHP are the indivisible tokens, such as numbers (3.14159), \nstrings (.two.), variables ($two), constants (TRUE), and the special words that make up the \nsyntax of PHP itself like if, else, while, for and so forth \nBraces make blocks \nAlthough statements cannot be combined like expressions, you can always put a sequence of \nstatements anywhere a statement can go by enclosing them in a set of curly braces."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9903c421-939b-435f-886a-d0f4acdfffe5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Here both statements are equivalent: \n \n \nif (3 == 2 + 1) \n  print(\"Good - I haven't totally lost my mind.<br>\"); \n \nif (3 == 2 + 1) \n{ \n   print(\"Good - I haven't totally\"); \n   print(\"lost my mind.<br>\"); \n} \nRunning PHP Script from Command Prompt \nYes you can run your PHP script on your command prompt. Assuming you have the following \ncontent in test.php file \n<?php \n   echo \"Hello PHP!!!!!\"; \n?> \nNow run this script as command prompt as follows: \n$ php test.php"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: c87544cc-dfa4-4eb6-84c3-1b35e4dc7ef9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "$ php test.php \nIt will produce the following result \nHello PHP!!!!! \n \n \n    PHP \n27 \n \nThe main way to store information in the middle of a PHP program is by using a variable.  \nHere are the most important things to know about variables in PHP. \n \n\uf0b7 All variables in PHP are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($). \n \n\uf0b7 The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment. \n \n\uf0b7 Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left-hand side and"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 9616f4af-6715-4819-9c45-7008aedcc1ab
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "the expression to be evaluated on the right. \n \n\uf0b7 Variables can, but do not need, to be declared before assignment. \n \n\uf0b7 Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types - a variable does not know in advance \nwhether it will be used to store a number or a string of characters. \n \n\uf0b7 Variables used before they are assigned have default values. \n \n\uf0b7 PHP does a good job of automatically converti ng types from one to another when \nnecessary. \n \n\uf0b7 PHP variables are Perl-like."}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: fa4bc0c2-5f25-4054-a357-45dba88ab688
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "necessary. \n \n\uf0b7 PHP variables are Perl-like. \n \nPHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our variables: \n \n\uf0b7 Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195. \n \n\uf0b7 Doubles: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1. \n \n\uf0b7 Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false. \n \n\uf0b7 NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL. \n \n\uf0b7 Strings: are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 7b6d1c48-ed62-4ee1-9d52-cf536c079e9d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\uf0b7 Arrays: are named and indexed collections of other values. \n \n\uf0b7 Objects: are instances of programmer -defined classes, which can package up both \nother kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class. \n \n\uf0b7 Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources external t o PHP \n(such as database connections). \n \nThe first five are  simple types, and the next two (arrays and objects) are compound - the"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: a69158ce-54b1-4334-b5d3-d8a41baddf69
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "compound types can package up other arbitrary values of arbitrary type, whereas the simple \ntypes cannot. \n PHP \u2500 VARIABLE TYPES    PHP \n28 \n \n \nWe will explain only simile data type in this chapters. Array and Objects will be explained \nseparately. \nIntegers \nThey are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195. They are the simplest type .they \ncorrespond to simple whole numbers, both positive and negative. Integer s can be assigned"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 253c4e74-4bba-4bf9-9223-96961c561bd1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "to variables, or they can be used in expressions, like so: \n$int_var = 12345; \n$another_int = -12345 + 12345; \nInteger can be in decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16) format. \nDecimal format is the default, octal integers are specified with a leading 0, and hexadecimals \nhave a leading 0x. \n \nFor most common platforms, the largest integer is (2**31 . 1) (or 2,147,483,647), and the \nsmallest (most negative) integer is . (2**31 . 1) (or .2,147,483,647). \nDoubles"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 58cb3e38-7851-4d91-b968-9242aaa48a21
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Doubles \nThey like 3.14159 or 49.1. By default, doubles print with the minimum number of decimal \nplaces needed. For example, the code: \n$many = 2.2888800; \n$many_2 = 2.2111200; \n$few = $many + $many_2; \nprint(.$many + $many_2 = $few<br>.); \nIt produces the following browser output: \n2.28888 + 2.21112 = 4.5 \nBoolean \nThey have only two possible values either true or false. PHP provides a couple of constants \nespecially for use as Booleans: TRUE and FALSE, which can be used like so: \nif (TRUE)"}


created_at: 2026-04-10 11:25:43
topic: persistent://default/default/dee56c3c-7959-41bf-8874-992339d36293
id: 396a69f4-1d28-445c-8906-0600d214dc92
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "2", "course_id": "950", "lesson_id": "1230", "content_id": "1790", "file_name": "php tutorial_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "if (TRUE) \n   print(\"This will always print<br>\"); \nelse \n   print(\"This will never print<br>\");    PHP \n29 \n \nInterpreting other types as Booleans \nHere are the rules for determine the \"truth\" of any value not already of the Boolean type:  \n \n\uf0b7 If the value is a number, it is false if exactly equal to zero and true otherwise.  \n \n\uf0b7 If the value is a string, it is false if the string is empty (has zero characters) or is the \nstring \"0\", and is true otherwise."}


