# migrations

dir: embeddings_queue
filename: 00001-embeddings.sqlite.sql
hash: d3755dfd232be8e8301f4d7fcfb3a486
sql:
CREATE TABLE embeddings_queue (
    seq_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    operation INTEGER NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    id TEXT NOT NULL,
    vector BLOB,
    encoding TEXT,
    metadata TEXT
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00001-collections.sqlite.sql
hash: 38352d725ad1c16074fac420b22b4633
sql:
CREATE TABLE collections (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    UNIQUE (name)
);

CREATE TABLE collection_metadata (
    collection_id TEXT REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    str_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (collection_id, key)
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00002-segments.sqlite.sql
hash: 2913cb6a503055a95f625448037e8912
sql:
CREATE TABLE segments (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    type TEXT NOT NULL,
    scope TEXT NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT,
    collection TEXT REFERENCES collection(id)
);

CREATE TABLE segment_metadata (
    segment_id TEXT  REFERENCES segments(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    str_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (segment_id, key)
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00004-tenants-databases.sqlite.sql
hash: 048867ce8fcdefe4023c7110e4433591
sql:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tenants (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    UNIQUE (id)
);

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS databases (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, -- unique globally
    name TEXT NOT NULL, -- unique per tenant
    tenant_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES tenants(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    UNIQUE (tenant_id, name) -- Ensure that a tenant has only one database with a given name
);

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS collections_tmp (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, -- unique globally
    name TEXT NOT NULL, -- unique per database
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    dimension INTEGER,
    database_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES databases(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    UNIQUE (name, database_id)
);

-- Create default tenant and database
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO tenants (id) VALUES ('default_tenant'); -- The default tenant id is 'default_tenant' others are UUIDs
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO databases (id, name, tenant_id) VALUES ('00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000', 'default_database', 'default_tenant');

INSERT OR REPLACE INTO collections_tmp (id, name, topic, dimension, database_id)
    SELECT id, name, topic, dimension, '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000' FROM collections;
DROP TABLE collections;
ALTER TABLE collections_tmp RENAME TO collections;


dir: metadb
filename: 00001-embedding-metadata.sqlite.sql
hash: 2b4cf52c4bb2676e21d6860a4409f856
sql:
CREATE TABLE embeddings (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    segment_id TEXT NOT NULL,
    embedding_id TEXT NOT NULL,
    seq_id BLOB NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    UNIQUE (segment_id, embedding_id)
);

CREATE TABLE embedding_metadata (
    id INTEGER REFERENCES embeddings(id),
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    string_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id, key)
);

CREATE TABLE max_seq_id (
    segment_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    seq_id BLOB NOT NULL
);

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE embedding_fulltext USING fts5(id, string_value);


dir: metadb
filename: 00002-embedding-metadata.sqlite.sql
hash: 12a570f7121b3a8ce750a2a7c36da20f
sql:
-- SQLite does not support adding check with alter table, as a result, adding a check
-- involve creating a new table and copying the data over. It is over kill with adding
-- a boolean type column. The application write to the table needs to ensure the data
-- integrity.
ALTER TABLE embedding_metadata ADD COLUMN bool_value INTEGER


dir: metadb
filename: 00003-full-text-tokenize.sqlite.sql
hash: f97ad6334aeaa8f419f01110b648b97a
sql:
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE embedding_fulltext_search USING fts5(string_value, tokenize='trigram');
INSERT INTO embedding_fulltext_search (rowid, string_value) SELECT rowid, string_value FROM embedding_metadata;
DROP TABLE embedding_fulltext;


# embeddings_queue

created_at: 2026-04-17 07:38:29
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: f88eace3-9d71-471c-ae9d-fb5d48cae065
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "968", "lesson_id": "1248", "content_id": "1811", "file_name": "video_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Welcome to the course on English grammar for Office Communication. Communication is the heart and soul of the human experience. The process of communication mainly includes speaking, listening and writing. It is a natural phenomenon that we start speaking what everybody speaks around us. We gradually develop a better sense of understanding with the passage of time. A good knowledge of grammar gives us a competitive edge in the business situations. Grammar is a study of words and the way words"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:38:29
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: a29c7a1a-50b0-4ab1-ab49-3e21297b28ea
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "968", "lesson_id": "1248", "content_id": "1811", "file_name": "video_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "Grammar is a study of words and the way words work together. There are eight parts of speech they are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, interjection, conjunction, preposition and adjective. This unit will enable you to identify a noun in the sentence, point out a pronoun and outline an adjective. Let us start this unit with the basic part of speech. noun what is a noun? Why is it used? What are its classifications? Look around you. What do you see? A computer, the living room, your dad, everything"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:38:29
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: d6ac1bad-858a-47b3-8129-b2be38cadc23
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "968", "lesson_id": "1248", "content_id": "1811", "file_name": "video_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "A computer, the living room, your dad, everything that you see you can name is a noun. There are four kinds of nouns. Common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns and collective noun. Click on each of these nouns to know more. Here is a list of some proper and their corresponding common nouns. Let us now try to identify the nouns in a sentence. This is my dog. It lives in my house. We live in London. Here, dog and house refers to a thing and London refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:38:29
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 0e646aa1-b923-4d4e-a418-2817b0c3a408
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "968", "lesson_id": "1248", "content_id": "1811", "file_name": "video_v1.mp4", "chroma:document": "refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen. Here, there are two nouns. Joseph Priestley and oxygen."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 1d145764-48a9-4c0d-a87b-a0ef33a5b54b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "White Paper\nIntroduction to Cloud Computing Introduction to Cloud Computing\n2\nWhite Paper\nExecutive Summary\nA common understanding of \u201ccloud computing\u201d is continuously evolving, and the terminology and concepts used to define it often \nneed clarifying. Press coverage can be vague or may not fully capture the extent of what cloud computing entails or represents, \nsometimes reporting how companies are making their solutions available in the \u201ccloud\u201d or how \u201ccloud computing\u201d is the way"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 99cf7494-a347-43c0-8b55-98650b43bb96
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "forward, but not examining the characteristics, models, and services involved in understanding what cloud computing is and what \nit can become.\nThis white paper introduces internet-based cloud computing, exploring the characteristics, service models, and deployment models \nin use today, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing. Also discussed are the communications"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 79930ce9-5137-408b-b290-5974587e36d5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "services in the cloud (including ways to access the cloud, such as web APIs and media control interfaces) and the importance of \nscalability and flexibility in a cloud-based environment. \nAlso noted for businesses desiring to start using communication services, are the interface choices available, including Web 2.0 \nAPIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML based interfaces, catering to a wide range of application and service \ncreation developers. Introduction to Cloud Computing"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: b33d3f29-861e-405d-9c7a-7d627998a8b1
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "3\nWhite Paper\nTable of Contents\nIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4\nCloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 8df10053-544e-46e5-8eb4-2a047901623c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4\nService Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5\nDeployment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 9e29e236-70b6-4823-ae7f-1713eb34288a
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Benefits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6\nChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6\nCommunications in the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 7fca8caa-4dcd-4937-ab3d-e2e841b29da3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Using the Communications Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7\nAccessing through Web APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7\nMedia Server Control Interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 861a3cf9-512e-42c8-9ea8-da16ebcab8fb
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Communications Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8\nGetting Started with Communications Services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Introduction to Cloud Computing\n4\nWhite Paper\nIntroduction"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: a602e33b-1def-4423-b076-b13e376d6b77
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "4\nWhite Paper\nIntroduction\nThis white paper is an introduction to the terms, characteristics, and services associated with internet-based computing, commonly referred to as \ncloud computing  . Characteristics, such as infrastructure, provisioning, network access, and managed metering are presented  . \nThe primary business service models being deployed (such as software, platform, and infrastructure as a service) and common deployment"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: c649f01e-5d42-4666-9eb6-7a25ac6d8134
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "models employed by service providers and users to use and maintain the cloud services (such as the private, public, community, and hybrid \nclouds) are discussed  . \nAlso introduced are the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing, and for those seeking to use communications services in the \ncloud, briefly presented are different ways of determining the interfaces needed to use these communications services  .\nCloud Computing"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 13cbfe19-c356-4d55-95bc-94f6ff41db5c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Cloud Computing\nThe term \u201ccloud\u201d, as used in this white paper, appears to have its origins in network diagrams that represented the internet, or various parts of \nit, as schematic clouds  . \u201cCloud computing\u201d was coined for what happens when applications and services are moved into the internet \u201ccloud  .\u201d \nCloud computing is not something that suddenly appeared overnight; in some form, it may trace back to a time when computer systems remotely"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 5ccf8b7a-96b3-46f2-a3d9-e273401a4584
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "time-shared computing resources and applications  . More currently though, cloud computing refers to the many different types of services and \napplications being delivered in the internet cloud, and the fact that, in many cases, the devices used to access these services and applications \ndo not require any special applications  . \nMany companies are delivering services from the cloud  . Some notable examples include the following:"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 711787e4-d1c9-4492-bbe0-4450a81dd5d8
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Google \u2014 Has a private cloud that it uses for delivering Google Docs and many other services to its users, including email access, document \napplications, text translations, maps, web analytics, and much more . \n\u2022  Microsoft \u2014 Has Microsoft\n\u00ae Office 365\u00ae online service that allows for content and business intelligence tools to be moved into the cloud, and \nMicrosoft currently makes its office applications available in a cloud ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: e1556fe5-49dc-4368-847d-83c8221d123b
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Salesforce.com \u2014 Runs its application set for its customers in a cloud, and its Force .com and Vmforce .com products provide developers with \nplatforms to build customized cloud services .\nBut, what is cloud computing? The following sections note cloud and cloud computing characteristics, services models, deployment models, \nbenefits, and challenges .\nCharacteristics\nCloud computing has a variety of characteristics, with the main ones being:"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 432ca580-b75e-4960-95bf-3f9d9782a46c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Shared Infrastructure \u2014 Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the sharing of physical services, storage, and networking capabilities . The \ncloud infrastructure, regardless of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the available infrastructure across a number of users .\n\u2022  Dynamic Provisioning \u2014 Allows for the provision of services based on current demand requirements . This is done automatically using software"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 821aad18-bbf1-4c94-94a9-0566022a54cc
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "automation, enabling the expansion and contraction of service capability, as needed . This dynamic scaling needs to be done while maintaining \nhigh levels of reliability and security .\n\u2022  Network Access \u2014 Needs to be accessed across the internet from a broad range of devices such as PCs, laptops, and mobile devices, \nusing standards-based APIs (for example, ones based on HTTP) . Deployments of services in the cloud include everything from using business"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: d05b644b-b1ff-418f-a6a4-490d394aa9fd
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "applications to the latest application on the newest smartphones . \n\u2022  Managed Metering \u2014 Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service and to provide reporting and billing information . In this way, \nconsumers are billed for services according to how much they have actually used during the billing period . \nIn short, cloud computing allows for the sharing and scalable deployment of services, as needed, from almost any location, and for which the"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: f74d1ed7-ee65-406d-8317-a0683ad65ba5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "customer can be billed based on actual usage  .  Introduction to Cloud Computing\n5\nWhite Paper\nService Models \nOnce a cloud is established, how its cloud computing services are deployed in terms of business models can differ depending on requirements  . \nThe primary service models being deployed (see Figure 1) are commonly known as:\n\u2022  Software as a Service (SaaS) \u2014 Consumers purchase the ability to access and use an application or service that is hosted in the cloud . A"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 20abd16e-3439-441a-80ce-29d3686b4369
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "benchmark example of this is Salesforce .com, as discussed previously, where necessary information for the interaction between the consumer and \nthe service is hosted as part of the service in the cloud . \nAlso, Microsoft has made a significant investment in this area, and as part of the cloud computing option for Microsoft\n\u00ae Office 365, its Office suite \nis available as a subscription through its cloud-based Online Services  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 5991a22b-f0c1-4069-9bbd-8104feec2c86
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Platform as a Service (PaaS) \u2014 Consumers purchase access to the platforms, enabling them to deploy their own software and applications in \nthe cloud . The operating systems and network access are not managed by the consumer, and there might be constraints as to which applications \ncan be deployed . Examples include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Rackspace and Microsoft Azure ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: fa5f2a66-ceef-4d25-9993-37e9e2ad4d61
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) \u2014 Consumers control and manage the systems in terms of the operating systems, applications, storage, and \nnetwork connectivity, but do not themselves control the cloud infrastructure .\nAlso known are the various subsets of these models that may be related to a particular industry or market  . Communications as a Service (CaaS) is"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 0162597d-a4d4-4e7f-9d0d-474dc32276f9
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "one such subset model used to describe hosted IP telephony services  . Along with the move to CaaS is a shift to more IP-centric communications \nand more SIP trunking deployments  . With IP and SIP in place, it can be as easy to have the PBX in the cloud as it is to have it on the premise  . In \nthis context, CaaS could be seen as a subset of SaaS  .\nFigure 1. Service Model Types\nDeployment Models"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: bd533437-ede1-46b6-862a-23b6eec79844
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Figure 1. Service Model Types\nDeployment Models\nDeploying cloud computing can differ depending on requirements, and the following four deployment models have been identified, each with \nspecific characteristics that support the needs of the services and users of the clouds in particular ways (see Figure 2)  .\n\u2022  Private Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure has been deployed, and is maintained and operated for a specific organization . The operation may be"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "in-house or with a third party on the premises . \n\u2022  Community Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure is shared among a number of organizations with similar interests and requirements . This may help \nlimit the capital expenditure costs for its establishment as the costs are shared among the organizations . The operation may be in-house or with \na third party on the premises ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 15e00808-d780-4e5b-8d5d-48dba1c0fb5f
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "a third party on the premises . \n\u2022  Public Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure is available to the public on a commercial basis by a cloud service provider . This enables a consumer to \ndevelop and deploy a service in the cloud with very little financial outlay compared to the capital expenditure requirements normally associated \nwith other deployment options ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "with other deployment options . \n\u2022  Hybrid Cloud \u2014 The cloud infrastructure consists of a number of clouds of any type, but the clouds have the ability through their interfaces to \nallow data and/or applications to be moved from one cloud to another . This can be a combination of private and public clouds that support the \nrequirement to retain some data in an organization, and also the need to offer services in the cloud ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: f6a97722-50db-40b0-9696-d97631a26ffc
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Enduser application is delivered as a service. Platform and infrastructure is abstracted, and \ncan deployed and managed with less effort.\nPhysical infrastructure is abstracted to provide computing, storage, and networking as a \nservice, avoiding the expense and need for dedicated systems.\nSoftware as a Service (SaaS)\nApplication platform onto which custom applications and services can be deployed. Can be \nbuilt and deployed more inexpensively, although services need to be supported and managed."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 2ead9615-4e6b-4845-9a83-e20c23c46345
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Platform as a Service (PaaS)\nInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Introduction to Cloud Computing\n6\nWhite Paper\nFigure 2. Public, Private, and Hybrid Cloud Deployment Example\nBenefits\nThe following are some of the possible benefits for those who offer cloud computing-based services and applications: \n\u2022  Cost Savings \u2014 Companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use operational expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: cb15d5ee-ea54-4c54-bdd8-76f440e2d6c0
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in-house IT resources to provide system support .\n\u2022  Scalability/Flexibility \u2014 Companies can start with a small deployment and grow to a large deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if \nnecessary . Also, the flexibility of cloud computing allows companies to use extra resources at peak times, enabling them to satisfy consumer \ndemands ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 59f7e13f-d2b9-4c37-af84-5191d695e13d
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "demands . \n\u2022  Reliability \u2014 Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity and disaster recovery .\n\u2022  Maintenance \u2014 Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through APIs that do not require application installations onto \nPCs, thus further reducing maintenance requirements .\n\u2022  Mobile Accessible \u2014 Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in an infrastructure available from anywhere .\nChallenges"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Challenges\nThe following are some of the notable challenges associated with cloud computing, and although some of these may cause a slowdown when \ndelivering more services in the cloud, most also can provide opportunities, if resolved with due care and attention in the planning stages  .\n\u2022  Security and Privacy \u2014 Perhaps two of the more \u201chot button\u201d issues surrounding cloud computing relate to storing and securing data, and"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 662fd9e3-b69f-4a84-b507-2c62f8084c72
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "monitoring the use of the cloud by the service providers . These issues are generally attributed to slowing the deployment of cloud services . These \nchallenges can be addressed, for example, by storing the information internal to the organization, but allowing it to be used in the cloud . For \nthis to occur, though, the security mechanisms between organization and the cloud need to be robust and a Hybrid cloud could support such a \ndeployment ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "deployment . \n\u2022  Lack of Standards \u2014 Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are associated with these, and thus it is unlikely that most \nclouds will be interoperable . The Open Grid Forum is developing an Open Cloud Computing Interface to resolve this issue and the Open Cloud \nConsortium is working on cloud computing standards and practices . The findings of these groups will need to mature, but it is not known whether"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: e46a8a5e-70f3-4f47-8a2c-00c2e47035d1
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "they will address the needs of the people deploying the services and the specific interfaces these services need . However, keeping up to date on \nthe latest standards as they evolve will allow them to be leveraged, if applicable . \n\u2022  Continuously Evolving \u2014 User requirements are continuously evolving, as are the requirements for interfaces, networking, and storage . This \nmeans that a \u201ccloud,\u201d especially a public one, does not remain static and is also continuously evolving ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: ae46527f-fc4c-4080-a2f5-34ee2a334d38
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "\u2022  Compliance Concerns \u2014 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in the US and Data Protection directives in the EU are just two among many compliance \nissues affecting cloud computing, based on the type of data and application for which the cloud is being used . The EU has a legislative backing \nfor data protection across all member states, but in the US data protection is different and can vary from state to state . As with security and privacy"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: f957a012-8a23-4ae6-95c7-1b7a24f5fe77
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "mentioned previously, these typically result in Hybrid cloud deployment with one cloud storing the data internal to the organization . \nCommunications in the Cloud\nFor service developers, making services available in the cloud depends on the type of service and the device(s) being used to access it . The process \nmay be as simple as a user clicking on the required web page, or could involve an application using an API accessing the services in the cloud  . \nEnterprise\n Public internet"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 597ee1c7-39a9-4aca-b7b1-841b7e90613b
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Enterprise\n Public internet\nPrivate cloud in \nenterprise\nEnterprise 1\nClous services\nPublic cloud\nEnterprise 2\nHybrid Cloud - \nCombining Public Internet\na Private and Public Cloud Introduction to Cloud Computing\n7\nWhite Paper\nTelcos are starting to use clouds to release their own services and those developed by others, but using Telco infrastructure and data  . The \nexpectation is that the Telco\u2019s communications infrastructure provides a revenue generating opportunity  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Using the Communications Services\nWhen in the cloud, communications services can extend their capabilities, or stand alone as service offerings, or provide new interactivity \ncapabilities to current services  .\nCloud-based communications services enable businesses to embed communications capabilities into business applications, such as Enterprise \nResource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems  . For \u201con the move\u201d business people, these can be accessed"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "through a smartphone, supporting increased productivity while away from the office  . \nThese services are over and above the support of service deployments of VoIP systems, collaboration systems, and conferencing systems for \nboth voice and video  . They can be accessed from any location and linked into current services to extend their capabilities, as well as stand alone \nas service offerings  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "as service offerings  .\nIn terms of social networking, using cloud-based communications provides click-to-call capabilities from social networking sites, access to Instant \nMessaging systems and video communications, broadening the interlinking of people within the social circle  . \nAccessing through Web APIs\nAccessing communications capabilities in a cloud-based environment is achieved through APIs, primarily Web 2  .0 RESTful APIs, allowing"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 726fd5c1-e7ce-46ee-a0fa-d7f18311a4d9
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "application development outside the cloud to take advantage of the communication infrastructure within it (see Figure 3)  .\nFigure 3. Web 2.0 Interfaces to the Cloud\nThese APIs open up a range of communications possibilities for cloud-based services, only limited by the media and signaling capabilities within \nthe cloud . Today\u2019s media services allow for communications and management of voice and video across a complex range of codecs and transport"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 4f23027e-b1d8-43b2-9676-fb223320758e
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "types  . By using the Web APIs, these complexities can be simplified and the media can be delivered to the remote device more easily  . APIs also \nenable communication of other services, providing new opportunities and helping to drive Average Revenue per User (ARPU) and attachment \nrates, especially for Telcos  . \nMedia Server Control Interfaces\nWhen building communications capabilities into the \u201ccore of the cloud,\u201d where they will be accessed by another service, the Web 2  .0 APIs"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "can be used, as well as a combination of SIP or VoiceXML and the standard media controlling APIs such as MSML, MSCML, and JSR309  . The \ncombinations provide different capability sets, but with MediaCTRL being developed in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), it is expected \nthat MediaCTRL will supersede MSML and MSCML and have an upsurge in availability and more developments after it is ratified  . JSR309 is a"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 2014f9c6-95c4-4cc0-9c72-5799e45cb8e8
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "notable choice for those seeking Java development, as it provides the Java interface to media control  .\nFigure 4 is an example of accessing services in the cloud through Web 2  .0 and media control interface APIs  .\nCloud-based service\nMedia and signaling \ncapabilities\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface\n Introduction to Cloud Computing\n8\nWhite Paper\nFigure 4. Accessing the Communications Capabilities from Within the Cloud"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: d2b78dac-df56-45df-a7a7-ad74807f6775
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Whether businesses are deploying communications services for access from outside of or within the cloud, the environment is one that supports \nthe speedy development and rollout of these capabilities  .\nCommunications Scalability\nTo deliver on the scalability requirements for cloud-based deployments, the communications software should be capable of running in virtual"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 94c0c70f-e81c-4d62-997a-2c2e184a3506
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "environments  . This allows for easily increasing and decreasing session densities based on the needs at the time, while keeping the physical \nresource requirement on servers to a minimum  .\nGetting Started with Communications Services\nBusinesses desiring to use the communications capabilities of cloud-based services will stand to benefit by determining the right interfaces  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Dialogic supports a broad range of interfaces, including RESTful APIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML-based interfaces, \ncatering to a wide range of application and service creation developers  . These interfaces, available over media and signaling capabilities, support \nthe scalability needed in a cloud-based environment while still being easy to deploy and administer  .\nCloud-based service\nMedia and \nsignaling\nApplication \nserver\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 2ffee0c0-79d7-4fd5-83e5-fecc14359459
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "signaling\nApplication \nserver\nWeb 2.0 \ninterface\nApplication server controls media server \nthrough media control APIs or Web 2.0 www.dialogic.com\nFor a list of Dialogic locations and offices, please visit: https://www  .dialogic  .com/contact  .\nINFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH PRODUCTS OF DIALOGIC CORPORATION AND ITS AFFILIATES OR SUBSIDIARIES (\u201cDIALOGIC\u201d)  . NO LICENSE,"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 55cda34b-b86d-410d-8b89-d39656be1a1a
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT  . EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN A SIGNED AGREEMENT \nBETWEEN YOU AND DIALOGIC, DIALOGIC ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND DIALOGIC DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE \nOF DIALOGIC PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL \nPROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: a47aa478-f558-4e4b-9528-e990dac31a78
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "PROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  .\nDialogic products are not intended for use in certain safety-affecting situations  .  Please see http://www  .dialogic  .com/company/terms-of-use  .aspx for more details  .\nDialogic may make changes to specifications, product descriptions, and plans at any time, without notice  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 9cbf63d9-07df-49bc-8812-97b14f7fd2d4
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Dialogic is a registered trademark of Dialogic Corporation and its affiliates or subsidiaries  . Dialogic\u2019s trademarks may be used publicly only with permission from Dialogic  . Such permission \nmay only be granted by Dialogic\u2019s legal department at 3300 Boulevard de la C\u00f4te-Vertu, Suite 112, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4R 1P8  . Any authorized use of Dialogic\u2019s trademarks will be"}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 846d02fe-3e57-4512-9cdb-e8de50024b52
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "subject to full respect of the trademark guidelines published by Dialogic from time to time and any use of Dialogic\u2019s trademarks requires proper acknowledgement  .\nThe names of actual companies and products mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners  . Dialogic encourages all users of its products to procure all necessary \nintellectual property licenses required to implement their concepts or applications, which licenses may vary from country to country  ."}


created_at: 2026-04-17 07:41:43
topic: persistent://default/default/8df2ffef-b42f-4d16-86c3-16f78d3a266c
id: 8bd40ca0-d621-4e17-809c-1abaca709735
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{"company_id": "1", "course_id": "969", "lesson_id": "1249", "content_id": "1812", "file_name": "Introduction_v1.pdf", "chroma:document": "Any use case(s) shown and/or described herein represent one or more examples of the various ways, scenarios or environments in which Dialogic\n\u00ae products can be used  .  Such use case(s) are \nnon-limiting and do not represent recommendations of Dialogic as to whether or how to use Dialogic products  . \nCopyright \u00a9 2017 Dialogic Corporation  .  All rights reserved  . 10/17    12023-02"}


# embedding_metadata

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Welcome to the course on English grammar for Office Communication. Communication is the heart and soul of the human experience. The process of communication mainly includes speaking, listening and writing. It is a natural phenomenon that we start speaking what everybody speaks around us. We gradually develop a better sense of understanding with the passage of time. A good knowledge of grammar gives us a competitive edge in the business situations. Grammar is a study of words and the way words


key: chroma:document
string_value:
Grammar is a study of words and the way words work together. There are eight parts of speech they are noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, interjection, conjunction, preposition and adjective. This unit will enable you to identify a noun in the sentence, point out a pronoun and outline an adjective. Let us start this unit with the basic part of speech. noun what is a noun? Why is it used? What are its classifications? Look around you. What do you see? A computer, the living room, your dad, everything


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A computer, the living room, your dad, everything that you see you can name is a noun. There are four kinds of nouns. Common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns and collective noun. Click on each of these nouns to know more. Here is a list of some proper and their corresponding common nouns. Let us now try to identify the nouns in a sentence. This is my dog. It lives in my house. We live in London. Here, dog and house refers to a thing and London refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns.


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refers to the place. Hence, these are nouns. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen. Here, there are two nouns. Joseph Priestley and oxygen.


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White Paper
Introduction to Cloud Computing Introduction to Cloud Computing
2
White Paper
Executive Summary
A common understanding of “cloud computing” is continuously evolving, and the terminology and concepts used to define it often 
need clarifying. Press coverage can be vague or may not fully capture the extent of what cloud computing entails or represents, 
sometimes reporting how companies are making their solutions available in the “cloud” or how “cloud computing” is the way


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forward, but not examining the characteristics, models, and services involved in understanding what cloud computing is and what 
it can become.
This white paper introduces internet-based cloud computing, exploring the characteristics, service models, and deployment models 
in use today, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing. Also discussed are the communications


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services in the cloud (including ways to access the cloud, such as web APIs and media control interfaces) and the importance of 
scalability and flexibility in a cloud-based environment. 
Also noted for businesses desiring to start using communication services, are the interface choices available, including Web 2.0 
APIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML based interfaces, catering to a wide range of application and service 
creation developers. Introduction to Cloud Computing


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3
White Paper
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4


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Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Service Models  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Deployment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5


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Benefits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Communications in the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6


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Using the Communications Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Accessing through Web APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Media Server Control Interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7


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Communications Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Getting Started with Communications Services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Introduction to Cloud Computing
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White Paper
Introduction


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4
White Paper
Introduction
This white paper is an introduction to the terms, characteristics, and services associated with internet-based computing, commonly referred to as 
cloud computing  . Characteristics, such as infrastructure, provisioning, network access, and managed metering are presented  . 
The primary business service models being deployed (such as software, platform, and infrastructure as a service) and common deployment


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models employed by service providers and users to use and maintain the cloud services (such as the private, public, community, and hybrid 
clouds) are discussed  . 
Also introduced are the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing, and for those seeking to use communications services in the 
cloud, briefly presented are different ways of determining the interfaces needed to use these communications services  .
Cloud Computing


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Cloud Computing
The term “cloud”, as used in this white paper, appears to have its origins in network diagrams that represented the internet, or various parts of 
it, as schematic clouds  . “Cloud computing” was coined for what happens when applications and services are moved into the internet “cloud  .” 
Cloud computing is not something that suddenly appeared overnight; in some form, it may trace back to a time when computer systems remotely


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time-shared computing resources and applications  . More currently though, cloud computing refers to the many different types of services and 
applications being delivered in the internet cloud, and the fact that, in many cases, the devices used to access these services and applications 
do not require any special applications  . 
Many companies are delivering services from the cloud  . Some notable examples include the following:


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•  Google — Has a private cloud that it uses for delivering Google Docs and many other services to its users, including email access, document 
applications, text translations, maps, web analytics, and much more . 
•  Microsoft — Has Microsoft
® Office 365® online service that allows for content and business intelligence tools to be moved into the cloud, and 
Microsoft currently makes its office applications available in a cloud .


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•  Salesforce.com — Runs its application set for its customers in a cloud, and its Force .com and Vmforce .com products provide developers with 
platforms to build customized cloud services .
But, what is cloud computing? The following sections note cloud and cloud computing characteristics, services models, deployment models, 
benefits, and challenges .
Characteristics
Cloud computing has a variety of characteristics, with the main ones being:


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•  Shared Infrastructure — Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the sharing of physical services, storage, and networking capabilities . The 
cloud infrastructure, regardless of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the available infrastructure across a number of users .
•  Dynamic Provisioning — Allows for the provision of services based on current demand requirements . This is done automatically using software


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automation, enabling the expansion and contraction of service capability, as needed . This dynamic scaling needs to be done while maintaining 
high levels of reliability and security .
•  Network Access — Needs to be accessed across the internet from a broad range of devices such as PCs, laptops, and mobile devices, 
using standards-based APIs (for example, ones based on HTTP) . Deployments of services in the cloud include everything from using business


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applications to the latest application on the newest smartphones . 
•  Managed Metering — Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service and to provide reporting and billing information . In this way, 
consumers are billed for services according to how much they have actually used during the billing period . 
In short, cloud computing allows for the sharing and scalable deployment of services, as needed, from almost any location, and for which the


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customer can be billed based on actual usage  .  Introduction to Cloud Computing
5
White Paper
Service Models 
Once a cloud is established, how its cloud computing services are deployed in terms of business models can differ depending on requirements  . 
The primary service models being deployed (see Figure 1) are commonly known as:
•  Software as a Service (SaaS) — Consumers purchase the ability to access and use an application or service that is hosted in the cloud . A


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benchmark example of this is Salesforce .com, as discussed previously, where necessary information for the interaction between the consumer and 
the service is hosted as part of the service in the cloud . 
Also, Microsoft has made a significant investment in this area, and as part of the cloud computing option for Microsoft
® Office 365, its Office suite 
is available as a subscription through its cloud-based Online Services  .


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•  Platform as a Service (PaaS) — Consumers purchase access to the platforms, enabling them to deploy their own software and applications in 
the cloud . The operating systems and network access are not managed by the consumer, and there might be constraints as to which applications 
can be deployed . Examples include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Rackspace and Microsoft Azure .


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•  Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) — Consumers control and manage the systems in terms of the operating systems, applications, storage, and 
network connectivity, but do not themselves control the cloud infrastructure .
Also known are the various subsets of these models that may be related to a particular industry or market  . Communications as a Service (CaaS) is


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one such subset model used to describe hosted IP telephony services  . Along with the move to CaaS is a shift to more IP-centric communications 
and more SIP trunking deployments  . With IP and SIP in place, it can be as easy to have the PBX in the cloud as it is to have it on the premise  . In 
this context, CaaS could be seen as a subset of SaaS  .
Figure 1. Service Model Types
Deployment Models


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Figure 1. Service Model Types
Deployment Models
Deploying cloud computing can differ depending on requirements, and the following four deployment models have been identified, each with 
specific characteristics that support the needs of the services and users of the clouds in particular ways (see Figure 2)  .
•  Private Cloud — The cloud infrastructure has been deployed, and is maintained and operated for a specific organization . The operation may be


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in-house or with a third party on the premises . 
•  Community Cloud — The cloud infrastructure is shared among a number of organizations with similar interests and requirements . This may help 
limit the capital expenditure costs for its establishment as the costs are shared among the organizations . The operation may be in-house or with 
a third party on the premises .


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a third party on the premises . 
•  Public Cloud — The cloud infrastructure is available to the public on a commercial basis by a cloud service provider . This enables a consumer to 
develop and deploy a service in the cloud with very little financial outlay compared to the capital expenditure requirements normally associated 
with other deployment options .


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with other deployment options . 
•  Hybrid Cloud — The cloud infrastructure consists of a number of clouds of any type, but the clouds have the ability through their interfaces to 
allow data and/or applications to be moved from one cloud to another . This can be a combination of private and public clouds that support the 
requirement to retain some data in an organization, and also the need to offer services in the cloud .


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Enduser application is delivered as a service. Platform and infrastructure is abstracted, and 
can deployed and managed with less effort.
Physical infrastructure is abstracted to provide computing, storage, and networking as a 
service, avoiding the expense and need for dedicated systems.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Application platform onto which custom applications and services can be deployed. Can be 
built and deployed more inexpensively, although services need to be supported and managed.


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Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Introduction to Cloud Computing
6
White Paper
Figure 2. Public, Private, and Hybrid Cloud Deployment Example
Benefits
The following are some of the possible benefits for those who offer cloud computing-based services and applications: 
•  Cost Savings — Companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use operational expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities .


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This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in-house IT resources to provide system support .
•  Scalability/Flexibility — Companies can start with a small deployment and grow to a large deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if 
necessary . Also, the flexibility of cloud computing allows companies to use extra resources at peak times, enabling them to satisfy consumer 
demands .


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demands . 
•  Reliability — Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity and disaster recovery .
•  Maintenance — Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through APIs that do not require application installations onto 
PCs, thus further reducing maintenance requirements .
•  Mobile Accessible — Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems accessible in an infrastructure available from anywhere .
Challenges


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Challenges
The following are some of the notable challenges associated with cloud computing, and although some of these may cause a slowdown when 
delivering more services in the cloud, most also can provide opportunities, if resolved with due care and attention in the planning stages  .
•  Security and Privacy — Perhaps two of the more “hot button” issues surrounding cloud computing relate to storing and securing data, and


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monitoring the use of the cloud by the service providers . These issues are generally attributed to slowing the deployment of cloud services . These 
challenges can be addressed, for example, by storing the information internal to the organization, but allowing it to be used in the cloud . For 
this to occur, though, the security mechanisms between organization and the cloud need to be robust and a Hybrid cloud could support such a 
deployment .


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deployment . 
•  Lack of Standards — Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are associated with these, and thus it is unlikely that most 
clouds will be interoperable . The Open Grid Forum is developing an Open Cloud Computing Interface to resolve this issue and the Open Cloud 
Consortium is working on cloud computing standards and practices . The findings of these groups will need to mature, but it is not known whether


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they will address the needs of the people deploying the services and the specific interfaces these services need . However, keeping up to date on 
the latest standards as they evolve will allow them to be leveraged, if applicable . 
•  Continuously Evolving — User requirements are continuously evolving, as are the requirements for interfaces, networking, and storage . This 
means that a “cloud,” especially a public one, does not remain static and is also continuously evolving .


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•  Compliance Concerns — The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in the US and Data Protection directives in the EU are just two among many compliance 
issues affecting cloud computing, based on the type of data and application for which the cloud is being used . The EU has a legislative backing 
for data protection across all member states, but in the US data protection is different and can vary from state to state . As with security and privacy


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mentioned previously, these typically result in Hybrid cloud deployment with one cloud storing the data internal to the organization . 
Communications in the Cloud
For service developers, making services available in the cloud depends on the type of service and the device(s) being used to access it . The process 
may be as simple as a user clicking on the required web page, or could involve an application using an API accessing the services in the cloud  . 
Enterprise
 Public internet


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Enterprise
 Public internet
Private cloud in 
enterprise
Enterprise 1
Clous services
Public cloud
Enterprise 2
Hybrid Cloud - 
Combining Public Internet
a Private and Public Cloud Introduction to Cloud Computing
7
White Paper
Telcos are starting to use clouds to release their own services and those developed by others, but using Telco infrastructure and data  . The 
expectation is that the Telco’s communications infrastructure provides a revenue generating opportunity  .


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Using the Communications Services
When in the cloud, communications services can extend their capabilities, or stand alone as service offerings, or provide new interactivity 
capabilities to current services  .
Cloud-based communications services enable businesses to embed communications capabilities into business applications, such as Enterprise 
Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems  . For “on the move” business people, these can be accessed


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through a smartphone, supporting increased productivity while away from the office  . 
These services are over and above the support of service deployments of VoIP systems, collaboration systems, and conferencing systems for 
both voice and video  . They can be accessed from any location and linked into current services to extend their capabilities, as well as stand alone 
as service offerings  .


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as service offerings  .
In terms of social networking, using cloud-based communications provides click-to-call capabilities from social networking sites, access to Instant 
Messaging systems and video communications, broadening the interlinking of people within the social circle  . 
Accessing through Web APIs
Accessing communications capabilities in a cloud-based environment is achieved through APIs, primarily Web 2  .0 RESTful APIs, allowing


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application development outside the cloud to take advantage of the communication infrastructure within it (see Figure 3)  .
Figure 3. Web 2.0 Interfaces to the Cloud
These APIs open up a range of communications possibilities for cloud-based services, only limited by the media and signaling capabilities within 
the cloud . Today’s media services allow for communications and management of voice and video across a complex range of codecs and transport


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types  . By using the Web APIs, these complexities can be simplified and the media can be delivered to the remote device more easily  . APIs also 
enable communication of other services, providing new opportunities and helping to drive Average Revenue per User (ARPU) and attachment 
rates, especially for Telcos  . 
Media Server Control Interfaces
When building communications capabilities into the “core of the cloud,” where they will be accessed by another service, the Web 2  .0 APIs


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can be used, as well as a combination of SIP or VoiceXML and the standard media controlling APIs such as MSML, MSCML, and JSR309  . The 
combinations provide different capability sets, but with MediaCTRL being developed in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), it is expected 
that MediaCTRL will supersede MSML and MSCML and have an upsurge in availability and more developments after it is ratified  . JSR309 is a


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notable choice for those seeking Java development, as it provides the Java interface to media control  .
Figure 4 is an example of accessing services in the cloud through Web 2  .0 and media control interface APIs  .
Cloud-based service
Media and signaling 
capabilities
Web 2.0 
interface
 Introduction to Cloud Computing
8
White Paper
Figure 4. Accessing the Communications Capabilities from Within the Cloud


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Whether businesses are deploying communications services for access from outside of or within the cloud, the environment is one that supports 
the speedy development and rollout of these capabilities  .
Communications Scalability
To deliver on the scalability requirements for cloud-based deployments, the communications software should be capable of running in virtual


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environments  . This allows for easily increasing and decreasing session densities based on the needs at the time, while keeping the physical 
resource requirement on servers to a minimum  .
Getting Started with Communications Services
Businesses desiring to use the communications capabilities of cloud-based services will stand to benefit by determining the right interfaces  .


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Dialogic supports a broad range of interfaces, including RESTful APIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML-based interfaces, 
catering to a wide range of application and service creation developers  . These interfaces, available over media and signaling capabilities, support 
the scalability needed in a cloud-based environment while still being easy to deploy and administer  .
Cloud-based service
Media and 
signaling
Application 
server
Web 2.0 
interface


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signaling
Application 
server
Web 2.0 
interface
Application server controls media server 
through media control APIs or Web 2.0 www.dialogic.com
For a list of Dialogic locations and offices, please visit: https://www  .dialogic  .com/contact  .
INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH PRODUCTS OF DIALOGIC CORPORATION AND ITS AFFILIATES OR SUBSIDIARIES (“DIALOGIC”)  . NO LICENSE,


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BETWEEN YOU AND DIALOGIC, DIALOGIC ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND DIALOGIC DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE 
OF DIALOGIC PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL 
PROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  .


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PROPERTY RIGHT OF A THIRD PARTY  .
Dialogic products are not intended for use in certain safety-affecting situations  .  Please see http://www  .dialogic  .com/company/terms-of-use  .aspx for more details  .
Dialogic may make changes to specifications, product descriptions, and plans at any time, without notice  .


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Dialogic is a registered trademark of Dialogic Corporation and its affiliates or subsidiaries  . Dialogic’s trademarks may be used publicly only with permission from Dialogic  . Such permission 
may only be granted by Dialogic’s legal department at 3300 Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu, Suite 112, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4R 1P8  . Any authorized use of Dialogic’s trademarks will be


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subject to full respect of the trademark guidelines published by Dialogic from time to time and any use of Dialogic’s trademarks requires proper acknowledgement  .
The names of actual companies and products mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners  . Dialogic encourages all users of its products to procure all necessary 
intellectual property licenses required to implement their concepts or applications, which licenses may vary from country to country  .


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Any use case(s) shown and/or described herein represent one or more examples of the various ways, scenarios or environments in which Dialogic
® products can be used  .  Such use case(s) are 
non-limiting and do not represent recommendations of Dialogic as to whether or how to use Dialogic products  . 
Copyright © 2017 Dialogic Corporation  .  All rights reserved  . 10/17    12023-02


